{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T10:01:25Z","timestamp":1769076085469,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Artif Intell"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>This paper develops a philosophical framework for understanding Large Language Model (LLM) integration in social science and professional research through the lens of ethical responsibility and existential engagement. We argue that contemporary research practice has fallen into what Heidegger identifies as technological \u201cenframing,\u201d where efficiency metrics override genuine inquiry into human experience. Drawing on Heidegger\u2019s analysis of technological breakdown, Levinas\u2019s ethics of responsibility to the Other, and Juarrero\u2019s theory of enabling constraints, we examine how LLM-based tools make use of what we call \u201cRequisite Experienced Cogency\u201d (REC) for functioning as computational tools, but fundamentally lack the experiential cogency needed for understanding human awareness or producing substantive meaningful insights. Through an extended case study of healthcare research conducted by Thomas, a researcher with personal health challenges, we demonstrate how technological limitations can become enabling constraints when researchers maintain existential engagement with their subject matter while acknowledging what LLM-based tools cannot provide: theoretical depth, ethical sensitivity, and genuine understanding of human complexity. We engage critically with the substantial literature on LLM limitations while arguing that appropriate integration within clear boundaries can serve rather than undermine authentic inquiry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-025-00535-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T08:36:18Z","timestamp":1760085378000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["From LLMs to ethical research: beyond technological enframing"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Hugo","family":"Letiche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Lissack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"535_CR1","unstructured":"Agre P. Computation and human experience. Cambridge University Press; 2008."},{"key":"535_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bender EM, Gebru T, McMillan - Major A, Shmitchell S. On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? In Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (pp. 610\u2013623). ACM; 2021.","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445922"},{"key":"535_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dreyfus HL, Dreyfus SE. Mind over machine: the power of human intuition and expertise in the era of the computer. Free Press; 1986","DOI":"10.1109\/MEX.1987.4307079"},{"key":"535_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-022-00043-3","volume":"2","author":"A Gerdes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gerdes A. The tech industry hijacking of the AI ethics research agenda and why we should reclaim it. Discover Artif Intell. 2022;2:43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44163-022-00043-3.","journal-title":"Discover Artif Intell"},{"key":"535_CR5","unstructured":"Harper RHR. The shape of thought: reasoning in the age of AI. Queen \u2018s - McGill University; 2025."},{"key":"535_CR6","unstructured":"Heidegger M. Being and Time (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, Trans.). Harper & Row; 1962."},{"key":"535_CR7","unstructured":"Heidegger M. The question concerning technology and other essays. Trans.). Harper & Row; 1977. W. Lovitt."},{"key":"535_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-021-00002-4","volume":"1","author":"P Henz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Henz P. Ethical and legal responsibility for artificial intelligence. Discover Artif Intell. 2021;1:2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44163-021-00002-4.","journal-title":"Discover Artif Intell"},{"key":"535_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juarrero A. Dynamics in action: intentional behavior as a complex system. MIT Press; 1999.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2528.001.0001"},{"key":"535_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juarrero A. Context changes everything: how constraints create coherence. MIT Press; 2023.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/14630.001.0001"},{"key":"535_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landgrebe J, Smith B. Why machines will never rule the world: artificial intelligence without fear. Routledge; 2023.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003310105"},{"key":"535_CR12","unstructured":"Levinas E. Totality and infinity: an essay on exteriority. Trans.). Duquesne University; 1969. A. Lingis."},{"key":"535_CR13","unstructured":"Marcus G, Davis E. Rebooting AI: building artificial intelligence we can trust. Vintage Books; 2019"},{"key":"535_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-024-00129-0","volume":"4","author":"IH Sarker","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sarker IH. LLM potentiality and awareness: a position paper from the perspective of trustworthy and responsible AI modeling. Discover Artif Intell. 2024;4:40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44163-024-00129-0.","journal-title":"Discover Artif Intell"},{"issue":"2","key":"535_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1145\/3624724","volume":"67","author":"M Shanahan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shanahan M. Talking about large Language models. Commun ACM. 2024;67(2):68\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3624724.","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"key":"535_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Timonen V, Foley G, Conlon C. Quality in qualitative research: a relational process. Qualitative Res J. 2024;24(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/QRJ-07-2024-0153.","DOI":"10.1108\/QRJ-07-2024-0153"},{"key":"535_CR17","unstructured":"Vaihinger H. The Philosophy of As If: A System of the theoretical, practical and religious fictions of mankind (C.K. Ogden, Trans.). Harcourt, Brace & Company (Original work published 1911); 1924."},{"key":"535_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallor S. The AI mirror: how to reclaim our humanity in an age of machine thinking. Oxford University Press; 2024.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780197759066.001.0001"},{"key":"535_CR19","unstructured":"Yin RK. Case study research and applications: design and methods. 6th ed. SAGE; 2018."},{"key":"535_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-024-00121-8","volume":"4","author":"A Zafar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zafar A. Balancing the scale: navigating ethical and practical challenges of artificial intelligence (AI) integration in legal practices. Discover Artif Intell. 2024;4:27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44163-024-00121-8.","journal-title":"Discover Artif Intell"}],"container-title":["Discover Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00535-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00535-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00535-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:58:02Z","timestamp":1760363882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00535-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["535"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00535-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-0809"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-0809","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics apprval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"270"}}