{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T03:04:12Z","timestamp":1772766252949,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Artif Intell"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The creation of contemporary cities relies heavily on modern landscape protection, which is increasingly informed by AI, thereby enhancing both the natural environment and the perception of cities. Human comprehension of artificial intelligence is growing as a result of society\u2019s and technology\u2019s ongoing advancements, and intelligent technology is progressively permeating every facet of daily life. It will be easier to utilise network means for landscape protection because media technology can implement rich design structures and offer a wide range of design features. Thus, to meet people\u2019s demands for diversification in contemporary urban gardening construction, this study thoroughly examines the current state and issues of landscape design and attempts to investigate efficient ways to apply artificial intelligence technology to landscape design, thereby encouraging the integration of landscape design and AI design. In addition to encouraging creativity and optimisation in landscape design, artificial intelligence successfully boosts the efficiency of contemporary landscape design while guaranteeing its quality. From 2012 to 2024, at five-year intervals, we calculated the landscape ecological risk to 510 of China\u2019s nature reserves across levels, climate zones, and ecosystem types using the Landscape Ecological Risk Index. We also investigated the effects of climate change and human activity on the temporal variation and spatial heterogeneity of landscape ecological risk in China\u2019s nature reserves. According to our findings, there has been a general decline in the environmental danger to China\u2019s nature reserves over the past thirty years, with the most noticeable drop occurring between 2012 and 2024. With a maximum accuracy of 97.2%, a precision of 96.2%, a recall of 96.8%, and an F1-score of 97.1%, the proposed fmodel is the most effective. The recommended technique performs better at minimising absolute errors than RMSE and MAE. However, whilst the landscape ecological risk to other ecosystem types has declined, the landscape ecological risk to coastline nature reserves has grown.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-025-00544-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T10:12:59Z","timestamp":1762164779000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Landscape protection and intelligent application based on AI technology"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Erlan","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"544_CR1","first-page":"15","volume":"17","author":"M Beresford","year":"2000","unstructured":"Beresford M, Phillips A. Protected landscapes: a conservation model for the 21st century. George Wright Forum. 2000;17(1):15\u201326.","journal-title":"George Wright Forum"},{"key":"544_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2024.100743","author":"S Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li S, Yuan F, Liu J. Smart city VR landscape planning and user virtual entertainment experience based on artificial intelligence. Entertain Comput. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.entcom.2024.100743.","journal-title":"Entertain Comput"},{"issue":"1","key":"544_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3390\/su14010375","volume":"14","author":"L Qi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qi L, Liu R, Cui Y, Zhou M, Bonenberg W, Song Z. Study of the landscape pattern of Shuiyu Village in Beijing, China: a comprehensive analysis of adaptation to local microclimate. Sustainability. 2021;14(1):375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14010375.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"544_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43238-020-00004-8","author":"C Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang C, Han F. A digital information system for cultural landscapes: the case of Slender West Lake scenic area in Yangzhou, China. Built Heritage. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43238-020-00004-8.","journal-title":"Built Heritage"},{"issue":"1","key":"544_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52863-1","volume":"14","author":"J Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu J, Zhong J. Landscape evolution in China\u2019s key ecological function zones during 1990\u20132015. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):2655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-52863-1.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"544_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2024.1285679","author":"M Zhong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhong M. Impact of landscape patterns on ecosystem services in China: a case study of the central plains urban agglomeration. Front Environ Sci. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fenvs.2024.1285679.","journal-title":"Front Environ Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"544_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3390\/land13020220","volume":"13","author":"Q Zhan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhan Q, Furuya K, Tang X, Li Z. Policy development in China\u2019s protected scenic and historic areas. Land. 2024;13(2):220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/land13020220.","journal-title":"Land"},{"key":"544_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8906299","author":"X Geng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Geng X. [retracted] Protection-oriented landscape design based on ecological priority under the concept of ecological environment monitoring. J Environ Public Health. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/8906299.","journal-title":"J Environ Public Health"},{"issue":"no. 15","key":"544_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e35268","volume":"10","author":"B Shi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shi B. 3D dynamic landscape simulation of artificial intelligence in environmental landscape design. Heliyon. 2024;10(15):e35268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e35268.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"544_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2955283","volume":"2022","author":"L Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu L, Zhang L, Gong Z. An optimization model for landscape planning and environmental design of smart cities based on big data analysis. Sci Program. 2022;2022:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/2955283.","journal-title":"Sci Program"},{"key":"544_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jisys-2022-0092","author":"X-B Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen X-B. Environmental landscape design and planning system based on computer vision and deep learning. J Intell Syst. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jisys-2022-0092.","journal-title":"J Intell Syst"},{"key":"544_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7122276","volume":"2022","author":"Y Cao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cao Y. Application research and case analysis of landscape design in artificial intelligence platform. Sci Program. 2022;2022:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/7122276.","journal-title":"Sci Program"},{"key":"544_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-024-01872-6","author":"Z Lu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu Z, Zhuang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang S. Evaluation of landscape sustainability of protected areas and identification of its correlation factors: a case study of Beijing, China. Landscape Ecol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10980-024-01872-6.","journal-title":"Landscape Ecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"544_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.22004\/ag.econ.330049","volume":"14","author":"G Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun G, Niu X, Liu W, Cheng X, Liu Y. Analysis on the experimental teaching reform of landscape design under the new situation. Asian Agri Res. 2022;14(4):62\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22004\/ag.econ.330049.","journal-title":"Asian Agri Res"},{"key":"544_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2991\/978-2-38476-222-4_4","author":"S Yao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yao S, Budthimedhee K, Teeravarunyou S. The review of rural cultural landscape protection framework. Adv Soc Sci Edu Human Res. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2991\/978-2-38476-222-4_4.","journal-title":"Adv Soc Sci Edu Human Res"},{"key":"544_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9117981","volume":"2022","author":"X Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang X. Artificial intelligence in the protection and inheritance of cultural landscape heritage in traditional village. Sci Program. 2022;2022:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/9117981.","journal-title":"Sci Program"},{"key":"544_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Z. Zhang, S. L. Epstein, C. Breen, S. Xia, Z. Zhu, and C. Volkmann, \u201cRobots in the Garden: Artificial Intelligence and Adaptive Landscapes,\u201d arXiv, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14627\/537740028","DOI":"10.14627\/537740028"},{"key":"544_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.5210928","author":"J Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang J, Huang X. The 30 m annual land cover datasets and its dynamics in China from 1990 to 2020. 2021. Zenodo. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.5210928."},{"key":"544_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sasc.2024.200133","author":"D Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li D. Application of artificial intelligence sensor and visual image technology in the analysis of hydrophilic space landscape characteristics. Syst Soft Comput. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sasc.2024.200133.","journal-title":"Syst Soft Comput"},{"key":"544_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2762554","volume":"2022","author":"G Lyu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lyu G, Zhang D, Liu Z. Research on the predictive analysis of park landscape design and cost based on RNN model. Comput Intell Neurosci. 2022;2022:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/2762554.","journal-title":"Comput Intell Neurosci"},{"key":"544_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.110409","volume":"153","author":"X Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma X, Zhang J, Wang P, Zhou L, Sun Y. Estimating the nonlinear response of landscape patterns to ecological resilience using a random forest algorithm: evidence from the Yangtze River Delta. Ecol Indic. 2023;153:110409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.110409.","journal-title":"Ecol Indic"}],"container-title":["Discover Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00544-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00544-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00544-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T10:13:01Z","timestamp":1762164781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00544-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["544"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00544-x","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5281\/zenodo.5210928","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6972006\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2731-0809"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-0809","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"I confirm that all the research meets ethical guidelines and adheres to the legal requirements of the study country.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"I confirm that any participants (or their guardians if unable to give informed consent, or next of kin, if deceased) who may be identifiable through the manuscript (such as a case report), have been given an opportunity to review the final manuscript and have provided written consent to publish.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"306"}}