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Ethical approval was waived by the IPR, Legal, and Ethical Matters Committee of Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, as the study involved only non-invasive observation and monitoring, ensuring that no harm or distress was caused to the animals.Informed consent was obtained from the dairy farm owners and gaushala representatives prior to data collection.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"346"}}