{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T10:39:56Z","timestamp":1765535996344,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Artif Intell"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-025-00617-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T10:34:54Z","timestamp":1765535694000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Application of optimization of teacher teaching paths in physical education based on GCN"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Lu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Huijun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"617_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13573322.2020.1821182","volume":"27","author":"I Aartun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aartun I, Walseth K, Standal \u00d8F, Kirk D. Pedagogies of embodiment in physical education\u2013a literature review. Sport Educ Soc. 2022;27(1):1\u201313.","journal-title":"Sport Educ Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"617_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1080\/17408989.2020.1861233","volume":"27","author":"V Varea","year":"2022","unstructured":"Varea V, Gonzalez-Calvo G, Garc\u00eda-Monge A. Exploring the changes of physical education in the age of Covid-19. Phys Educ Sport Pedagogy. 2022;27(1):32\u201342.","journal-title":"Phys Educ Sport Pedagogy"},{"issue":"12","key":"617_CR3","first-page":"82","volume":"2","author":"B Dexqonov","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dexqonov B. Preparation of future physical education teachers for innovative activities. Models Methods Mod Sci. 2023;2(12):82\u20136.","journal-title":"Models Methods Mod Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"617_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-023-00392-8","volume":"20","author":"H Crompton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Crompton H, Burke D. Artificial intelligence in higher education: the state of the field. Int J Educ Technol High Educ. 2023;20(1):22.","journal-title":"Int J Educ Technol High Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"617_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/IJICTE.385130","volume":"21","author":"Y Shen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shen Y, Chen Y. Knowledge tracing enhanced by graph convolutional networks with self-supervised learning. Int J Inf Commun Technol Education (IJICTE). 2025;21(1):1\u201322.","journal-title":"Int J Inf Commun Technol Education (IJICTE)"},{"issue":"1","key":"617_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-025-00258-0","volume":"5","author":"H Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang H. Application of artificial intelligence visual analysis technology in classroom English teaching evaluation. Discover Artificial Intelligence. 2025;5(1):36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00258-0.","journal-title":"Discover Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"1","key":"617_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-025-00433-3","volume":"5","author":"J Jin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jin J. Student behavior patterns in vocational education big data based on clustering algorithm. Discover Artificial Intell. 2025;5(1):197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00433-3.","journal-title":"Discover Artificial Intell"},{"issue":"4","key":"617_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1504\/IJICT.2022.10049249","volume":"24","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Yan Y, Kumar RL, Juneja S. Improving college ideological and political education based on deep learning. Int J Inf Commun Technol. 2024;24(4):431\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1504\/IJICT.2022.10049249.","journal-title":"Int J Inf Commun Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"617_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-024-00163-y","volume":"4","author":"B Bali","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bali B, Garba EJ, Ahmadu AS, et al. Analysis of emerging trends in artificial intelligence for education in Nigeria. Discover Artificial Intell. 2024;4(1):110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44163-024-00163-y.","journal-title":"Discover Artificial Intell"},{"issue":"1","key":"617_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-025-00417-3","volume":"5","author":"KK Campbell","year":"2025","unstructured":"Campbell KK, Holcomb MJ, Vedovato S, et al. Applying state-of-the-art artificial intelligence to grading in simulation-based education: assessment, feedback, and ROI. Discover Artificial Intell. 2025;5(1):202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00417-3.","journal-title":"Discover Artificial Intell"},{"issue":"12","key":"617_CR11","first-page":"459","volume":"10","author":"Q Gu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gu Q. Research on the reform and innovation of physical education management in colleges and universities under the new situation. Open J Soc Sci. 2022;10(12):459\u201365.","journal-title":"Open J Soc Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"617_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.61091\/jcmcc119-02","volume":"119","author":"X Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li X. Enhancing university physical education through data-driven reform of sports club systems. J Combin Math Combin Comput. 2024;119(1):13\u201322.","journal-title":"J Combin Math Combin Comput"},{"issue":"13","key":"617_CR13","first-page":"64","volume":"5","author":"S Yan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yan S. Analysis of reform strategies of physical education teaching in vocational colleges under the perspective of quality education. Adv Vocational Tech Education. 2023;5(13):64\u201370.","journal-title":"Adv Vocational Tech Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"617_CR14","first-page":"73","volume":"11","author":"T Ganesan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ganesan T. Integrating artificial intelligence and cloud computing for the development of a smart education management platform: design, implementation, and performance analysis. Int J Eng Sci Res. 2021;11(2):73\u201391.","journal-title":"Int J Eng Sci Res"},{"issue":"20","key":"617_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-023-08960-w","volume":"27","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Duan W, Villanueva LE, Chen S. Transforming sports training through the integration of internet technology and artificial intelligence. Soft Comput. 2023;27(20):15409\u201323.","journal-title":"Soft Comput"},{"issue":"1","key":"617_CR16","first-page":"727","volume":"1","author":"ZA Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang ZA. Physical education teaching quality assessment model based on Gaussian process machine learning algorithm. Int J Mar Eng. 2024;1(1):727\u201336.","journal-title":"Int J Mar Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"617_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.53106\/160792642022012301014","volume":"23","author":"X Liang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liang X, Yin J. Recommendation algorithm for equilibrium of teaching resources in physical education network based on trust relationship. J Internet Technol. 2022;23(1):133\u201341.","journal-title":"J Internet Technol"},{"issue":"24","key":"617_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-023-09318-y","volume":"27","author":"R Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen R, Wang T, Kim S. Optimizing teaching management in college physical education: a fuzzy neural network approach. Soft Comput. 2023;27(24):19299\u2013315.","journal-title":"Soft Comput"},{"issue":"4","key":"617_CR19","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"BR Gudivaka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gudivaka BR. Designing AI-assisted music teaching with big data analysis. Curr Sci Hum. 2021;9(4):1\u201314.","journal-title":"Curr Sci Hum"},{"issue":"3","key":"617_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-022-00647-3","volume":"8","author":"AA Mubarak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mubarak AA, Cao H, Hezam IM, Hao F. Modeling students\u2019 performance using graph convolutional networks. Complex Intell Syst. 2022;8(3):2183\u2013201.","journal-title":"Complex Intell Syst"},{"issue":"01","key":"617_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218194022500681","volume":"33","author":"X Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang X, Liu S, Wang H. Personalized learning path recommendation for e-learning based on knowledge graph and graph convolutional network. Int J Softw Eng Knowl Eng. 2023;33(01):109\u201331.","journal-title":"Int J Softw Eng Knowl Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"617_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2020.1855207","volume":"31","author":"H Tan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tan H, Wang C, Duan Q, Lu Y, Zhang H, Li R. Automatic short answer grading by encoding student responses via a graph convolutional network. Interact Learn Environ. 2023;31(3):1636\u201350.","journal-title":"Interact Learn Environ"},{"key":"617_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sareddy MR, Kumar V Virtual Reality Meets AI: Revolutionizing Physical Education with LiDAR and RL. In 2025 8th International Conference on Electronics, Materials Engineering & Nano-Technology (IEMENTech) (pp. 1\u20136). IEEE 2025.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMENTech65115.2025.10959637"},{"issue":"7","key":"617_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6295","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-022-10321-2","volume":"56","author":"L Waikhom","year":"2023","unstructured":"Waikhom L, Patgiri R. A survey of graph neural networks in various learning paradigms: methods, applications, and challenges. Artif Intell Rev. 2023;56(7):6295\u2013364.","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"617_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1561\/2200000096","volume":"16","author":"L Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu L, Chen Y, Shen K, Guo X, Gao H, Li S, et al. Graph neural networks for natural language processing: a survey. Found Trends\u00ae Mach Learn. 2023;16(2):119\u2013328.","journal-title":"Found Trends\u00ae Mach Learn"},{"issue":"5","key":"617_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3535101","volume":"55","author":"S Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu S, Sun F, Zhang W, Xie X, Cui B. Graph neural networks in recommender systems: a survey. ACM Comput Surv. 2022;55(5):1\u201337.","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv"},{"issue":"4","key":"617_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4146","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-022-04804-w","volume":"79","author":"YS Jeong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jeong YS, Cho NW. Evaluation of e-learners\u2019 concentration using recurrent neural networks. J Supercomput. 2023;79(4):4146\u201363.","journal-title":"J Supercomput"},{"issue":"2","key":"617_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.22582","volume":"31","author":"Y Mourdi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mourdi Y, Sadgal M, Elalaoui Elabdallaoui H, El Kabtane H, Allioui H. A recurrent neural networks based framework for at-risk learners\u2019 early prediction and MOOC tutor\u2019s decision support. Comput Appl Eng Educ. 2023;31(2):270\u201384.","journal-title":"Comput Appl Eng Educ"},{"issue":"9","key":"617_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-022-02593-0","volume":"39","author":"A B\u00e4uerle","year":"2023","unstructured":"B\u00e4uerle A, Albus P, St\u00f6rk R, Seufert T, Ropinski T. exploRNN: teaching recurrent neural networks through visual exploration. Vis Comput. 2023;39(9):4323\u201338.","journal-title":"Vis Comput"},{"issue":"161","key":"617_CR30","first-page":"1","volume":"24","author":"Y Jia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jia Y, Zhou XY. Q-learning in continuous time. J Mach Learn Res. 2023;24(161):1\u201361.","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"617_CR31","first-page":"219","volume":"14","author":"SJ Yong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yong SJ, Park HG, You YH, Moon IY. Q-learning policy design to speed up agent training. J Pract Eng Educ. 2022;14(1):219\u201324.","journal-title":"J Pract Eng Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"617_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3337","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2022.3192112","volume":"53","author":"F Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao F, Di S, Wang L. A hyperheuristic with Q-learning for the multiobjective energy-efficient distributed blocking flow shop scheduling problem. IEEE Trans Cybern. 2022;53(5):3337\u201350.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Cybern"},{"issue":"2","key":"617_CR33","first-page":"1796","volume":"12","author":"R Marginingsih","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marginingsih R. Financial distress analysis using the Altman Z-score method for retail companies during the Covid-19 pandemic. Enrichment: J Manag. 2022;12(2):1796\u2013803.","journal-title":"Enrichment: J Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"617_CR34","first-page":"399","volume":"1","author":"TW Utami","year":"2022","unstructured":"Utami TW, Hardana A. Analisis Prediksi Kebangkrutan dengan Menggunakan Metode Altman Z-Score pada PT. Indofood Sukses Makmur, Tbk. SOSMANIORA: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora. 2022;1(4):399\u2013404.","journal-title":"SOSMANIORA: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora"},{"issue":"1","key":"617_CR35","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"A Rahman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rahman A. An examination of five financial ratios: the Altman Z score is a technique used to assess the creditworthiness of selected passenger car companies. Int J Multidisciplinary Res Explorer. 2022;2(1):1\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Multidisciplinary Res Explorer"},{"issue":"9","key":"617_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1080\/03081087.2020.1776672","volume":"70","author":"R Mehatari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mehatari R, Kannan MR, Samanta A. On the adjacency matrix of a complex unit gain graph. Linear Multilinear Algebra. 2022;70(9):1798\u2013813.","journal-title":"Linear Multilinear Algebra"},{"issue":"5","key":"617_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2022-0137","volume":"12","author":"GH Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li GH, Sekine R, Nehra R, Gray RM, Ledezma L, Guo Q, et al. All-optical ultrafast ReLU function for energy-efficient nanophotonic deep learning. Nanophotonics. 2023;12(5):847\u201355.","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"issue":"1","key":"617_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1287\/moor.2021.1176","volume":"48","author":"VA Nguyen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nguyen VA, Shafieezadeh-Abadeh S, Kuhn D, Mohajerin Esfahani P. Bridging Bayesian and minimax mean square error estimation via Wasserstein distributionally robust optimization. Math Oper Res. 2023;48(1):1\u201337.","journal-title":"Math Oper Res"},{"issue":"16","key":"617_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5752","DOI":"10.1080\/03610926.2021.2019769","volume":"52","author":"PL Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen PL. An improved variable parameter mean square error control chart. Commun Statistics-Theory Methods. 2023;52(16):5752\u201366.","journal-title":"Commun Statistics-Theory Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"617_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-022-03423-7","volume":"37","author":"L Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao L, Xing L, Wang Y, Cui N, Zhou H, Shi Y, et al. Prediction model for reference crop evapotranspiration based on the back-propagation algorithm with limited factors. Water Resour Manage. 2023;37(3):1207\u201322.","journal-title":"Water Resour Manage"},{"issue":"1","key":"617_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-022-09594-1","volume":"126","author":"D Napoleon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Napoleon D, Kalaiarasi I. Classifying lung cancer as benign and malignant nodule using ANN of back-propagation algorithm and GLCM feature extraction on chest x-ray images. Wirel Pers Commun. 2022;126(1):167\u201395.","journal-title":"Wirel Pers Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"617_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1137\/23M1588408","volume":"34","author":"B Grimmer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grimmer B. Provably faster gradient descent via long steps. SIAM J Optim. 2024;34(3):2588\u2013608.","journal-title":"SIAM J Optim"},{"issue":"1","key":"617_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3568163","volume":"70","author":"J Fearnley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fearnley J, Goldberg P, Hollender A, Savani R. The complexity of gradient descent: CLS= PPAD\u2229 PLS. J ACM. 2022;70(1):1\u201374.","journal-title":"J ACM"},{"issue":"5","key":"617_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5003","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3235996","volume":"23","author":"R Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang R, Sun S. Distributed matrix-weighted fusion consensus filtering with two-stage filtering for sensor networks. IEEE Sens J. 2023;23(5):5003\u201313.","journal-title":"IEEE Sens J"},{"issue":"4","key":"617_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-022-09900-x","volume":"127","author":"D Yan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yan D, Liu P, Yue X, Wang P, Liu M, Li B. Data fusion algorithm based on classification adaptive estimation weighted fusion in WSN. Wirel Pers Commun. 2022;127(4):2859\u201371.","journal-title":"Wirel Pers Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"617_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.3390\/app14020916","volume":"14","author":"C Song","year":"2024","unstructured":"Song C, Shin S-Y, Shin K-S. Implementing the dynamic feedback-driven learning optimization framework: a machine learning approach to personalize educational pathways. Appl Sci. 2024;14(2):916.","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"617_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6415","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-024-05492-0","volume":"54","author":"X Shi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shi X, Hu M, Ren F, et al. Aspect based sentiment analysis with instruction tuning and external knowledge enhanced dependency graph. Appl Intell. 2024;54:6415\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10489-024-05492-0.","journal-title":"Appl Intell"}],"container-title":["Discover Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00617-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00617-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00617-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T10:34:59Z","timestamp":1765535699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00617-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["617"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00617-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-0809"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-0809","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Physical Education, Inner Mongolia University (Approval No. IMU-PE-2024\u2013017). All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study involved non-invasive physical education teaching activities, and all data collected were used solely for academic research purposes under strict confidentiality.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. For participants under the age of 16, written consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians prior to participation. Participants were informed about the study\u2019s objectives, procedures, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Authors do not have any conflicts.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"384"}}