{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:51:42Z","timestamp":1767055902806,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":34,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Artif Intell"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-025-00644-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T12:53:40Z","timestamp":1764161620000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Machine learning based learning user behavior classification and recognition algorithm under multimodal data"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jingyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"644_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2022.10.007","volume":"27","author":"B Mathias","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mathias B, Kriegstein KV. Enriched learning: behavior, brain, and computation. Trends Cogn Sci. 2023;27(1):81\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2022.10.007.","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"644_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5291","DOI":"10.3233\/JIFS-232638","volume":"45","author":"G Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang G, Chen Z, Wang G. Modified cross-entropy methodology for art teaching effectiveness evaluation of primary schools with the triangular fuzzy neutrosophic information. J Intell Fuzzy Syst. 2023;45(4):5291\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JIFS-232638.","journal-title":"J Intell Fuzzy Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"644_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.14926\/jsise.39.235","volume":"39","author":"Y Hayashi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hayashi Y, Sugimoto A, Seta K. Multimodal interaction aware integrated platform to support CSCL systems life-cycle. Trans Jpn Soc Inf Syst Educ. 2022;39(2):235\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14926\/jsise.39.235.","journal-title":"Trans Jpn Soc Inf Syst Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"644_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4299","DOI":"10.3233\/jifs-219220","volume":"42","author":"D Pinto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pinto D, Beltran B, Singh V. Recent advances in language & knowledge engineering. J Intell Fuzzy Syst. 2022;42(5):4299\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jifs-219220.","journal-title":"J Intell Fuzzy Syst"},{"issue":"7","key":"644_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2023.3294709","volume":"40","author":"S Gannot","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gannot S, Tan ZH, Haardt M, Chen NF, Wai HT, Tashev I, et al. Data science education: the signal processing perspective [SP Education]. IEEE Signal Process Mag. 2023;40(7):89\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MSP.2023.3294709.","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process Mag"},{"issue":"1","key":"644_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2022.2156386","volume":"43","author":"R Tahir","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tahir R, Wang AI, Markopoulos DPP. Evaluating the effectiveness of game-based learning for teaching refugee children Arabic using the integrated LEAGU-GQM approach. Behav Inf Technol. 2024;43(1):110\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0144929X.2022.2156386.","journal-title":"Behav Inf Technol"},{"issue":"12","key":"644_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19091","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-14100-7","volume":"82","author":"J Mo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mo J, Zhu R, Yuan H, Shou Z, Chen L. Student behavior recognition based on multitask learning. Multimedia Tools Appl. 2023;82(12):19091\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-022-14100-7.","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"644_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.23919\/ICN.2023.0002","volume":"4","author":"L Tang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang L, Wang S, Zhou M, Ding Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. Research on recognition algorithm for gesture page turning based on wireless sensing. Intell Converg Netw. 2023;4(1):15\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23919\/ICN.2023.0002.","journal-title":"Intell Converg Netw"},{"issue":"6","key":"644_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6865","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12089-6","volume":"29","author":"D Akila","year":"2023","unstructured":"Akila D, Garg H, Pal S, Jeyalaksshmi S. Research on recognition of students attention in offline classroom-based on deep learning. Educ Inf Technol. 2023;29(6):6865\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12089-6.","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"644_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.24507\/ijicic.l9.03.877","volume":"19","author":"J Mo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mo J, Zhu R, Yuan H, Shou Z. Detection of students\u2019 classroom concentration based on component attention. Int J Innov Comput Inf Control. 2023;19(3):877\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24507\/ijicic.l9.03.877.","journal-title":"Int J Innov Comput Inf Control"},{"key":"644_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"He J, Shi X, Li X, Toda T. MF-AED-AEC: speech emotion recognition by leveraging multimodal fusion, ASR error detection, and ASR error correction. In: IEEE international conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing, vol. 29, no. 3, p. 5\u20136, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICASSP48485.2024.10446548","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP48485.2024.10446548"},{"issue":"6","key":"644_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6947","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12079-8","volume":"29","author":"A Yusuf","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yusuf A, Noor NM, Bello S. Using multimodal learning analytics to model students\u2019 learning behavior in animated programming classroom. Educ Inf Technol. 2024;29(6):6947\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12079-8.","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"issue":"11","key":"644_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16409","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-14193-0","volume":"82","author":"Q Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu Q, Huang Q, Li X. Multimodal human action recognition based on spatio-temporal action representation recognition model. Multimed Tools Appl. 2022;82(11):16409\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-022-14193-0.","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"issue":"10","key":"644_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28373","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-16443-1","volume":"83","author":"P Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar P, Malik S, Raman B. Interpretable multimodal emotion recognition using hybrid fusion of speech and image data. Multimed Tools Appl. 2024;83(10):28373\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-023-16443-1.","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"issue":"14","key":"644_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9980","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c11281","volume":"18","author":"T Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang T, Jin T, Lin W, Lin Y, Liu H, Yue T, et al. Multimodal sensors enabled autonomous soft robotic system with self-adaptive manipulation. ACS Nano. 2024;18(14):9980\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.3c11281.","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"6","key":"644_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1049\/ipr2.12754","volume":"17","author":"Z Zhong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhong Z, Hou Z, Liang J, Lin E, Shi H. Multimodal cooperative self-attention network for action recognition. IET Image Process. 2023;17(6):1775\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/ipr2.12754.","journal-title":"IET Image Process"},{"issue":"3","key":"644_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s42600-023-00293-9","volume":"39","author":"MD Santana","year":"2023","unstructured":"Santana MD, Fonseca FS, Torcate AS, Santos WD. Emotion recognition from multimodal data: a machine learning approach combining classical and hybrid deep architectures. Res Biomed Eng. 2023;39(3):613\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42600-023-00293-9.","journal-title":"Res Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"7","key":"644_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.0c00868","volume":"54","author":"T Zubatiuk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zubatiuk T, Isayev O. Development of multimodal machine learning potentials: toward a physics-aware artificial intelligence. Acc Chem Res. 2021;54(7):1575\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.accounts.0c00868.","journal-title":"Acc Chem Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"644_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.26599\/BDMA.2022.9020017","volume":"6","author":"T Choudhary","year":"2023","unstructured":"Choudhary T, Goyal V, Bansal A. Wtasr: wavelet transformer for automatic speech recognition of Indian languages. Big Data Min Anal. 2023;6(1):85\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26599\/BDMA.2022.9020017.","journal-title":"Big Data Min Anal"},{"issue":"4","key":"644_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.3233\/IDT-230372","volume":"18","author":"L Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang L. Sports action recognition algorithm based on multi-modal data recognition. Intell Decis Technol. 2024;18(4):3243\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/IDT-230372.","journal-title":"Intell Decis Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"644_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7047","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-021-03558-2","volume":"14","author":"T Kujani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kujani T, Kumar VD. Head movements for behavior recognition from real time video based on deep learning ConvNet transfer learning. J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput. 2023;14(6):7047\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12652-021-03558-2.","journal-title":"J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput"}],"container-title":["Discover Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00644-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00644-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00644-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:46:52Z","timestamp":1767055612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00644-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["644"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00644-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-0809"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2731-0809"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The research was ethically approved by the Academic Committee of Beijing Polytechnic. Prior to participation. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. The study was conducted in agreement with the guidelines governing research involving human participants, as outlined by the Academic Committee of the Beijing Polytechnic.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"413"}}