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For prompt action and personal assistance, initial and precise detection is essential. This study presents a multimodal framework combining Handwritten Text (HT) images and Eye Tracking Ratio (ETR) data for ASD classification. The framework employs Taneja Generalised Gibbs Bell Fuzzy (T2GB-Fuzzy) for feature labelling and a novel SwishSin Average Spectop-K Convolutional Neural Network (2SASK-CNN) for classification. Experiments were conducted on two public datasets: the autism Spectrum Disorder in Children (ASDC) dataset with 569 HT images (381 ASD, 188 control) and the ETR dataset with 59 children contributing 396,298 gaze records. Subject-wise splits ensured no data leakage. The suggested approach outperformed the current CNN, ANN, and SVM techniques with an accuracy of 98.94% and an F1-score of 98.72%. The small dataset size, class imbalance, and lack of external validation are some of the limitations, even though the results show the promise of multimodal fusion for ASD detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-026-00875-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T17:24:04Z","timestamp":1770571444000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Eye tracking and handwritten text-based autism spectrum disorder detection in children using 2SASK-CNN"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"S. A.","family":"Karthik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. 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Therefore, ethical approval was not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The study used secondary data obtained from publicly available sources, and no individual-level participant recruitment or interaction was involved.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"No identifiable personal data, images, or sensitive information of participants are included in this manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors confirm that the work described in this manuscript is original and has not been published, nor is it under consideration for publication elsewhere.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Dual publication"}},{"value":"The corresponding authors (Karthik S A and Gururaj H L) confirm that all authors have contributed substantially to the work, have read the journal\u2019s policies, and agree with the submission of this manuscript.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authorship"}},{"value":"All figures, tables, and results presented in this paper were created by the authors and have not been previously published. No third-party copyrighted material has been used.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Permission to use third-party material"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no competing financial or non-financial interests in relation to this work.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"203"}}