{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:40:04Z","timestamp":1773276004407,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770422400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":32,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Artif Intell"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-026-00905-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T12:23:39Z","timestamp":1770467019000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk prediction and intervention strategies for civil and commercial contract disputes based on genetic algorithms and machine learning"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"905_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s42107-022-00470-8","volume":"23","author":"AF Albtoush","year":"2022","unstructured":"Albtoush AF, Doh SI, Rahman RA, Al-Momani AH. Critical success factors of construction projects in Jordan: an empirical investigation. Asian J Civ Eng. 2022;23(7):1087\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42107-022-00470-8.","journal-title":"Asian J Civ Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"905_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-021-00047-2","volume":"2","author":"JJ H\u00e4u\u00dfermann","year":"2022","unstructured":"H\u00e4u\u00dfermann JJ, L\u00fctge C. Community-in-the-loop: towards pluralistic value creation in AI, or\u2014why AI needs business ethics. AI Ethics. 2022;2(2):341\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-021-00047-2.","journal-title":"AI Ethics"},{"issue":"3","key":"905_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/ablj.12211","volume":"59","author":"M Zamoff","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zamoff M. Safeguarding confidential arbitration awards in uncontested confirmation actions. Am Bus Law J. 2022;59(3):505\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ablj.12211.","journal-title":"Am Bus Law J"},{"issue":"3","key":"905_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/13600834.2022.2088060","volume":"31","author":"H Alessa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alessa H. The role of artificial intelligence in online dispute resolution: a brief and critical overview. Inf Commun Technol Law. 2022;31(3):319\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13600834.2022.2088060.","journal-title":"Inf Commun Technol Law"},{"issue":"7","key":"905_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1080\/15623599.2023.2169301","volume":"24","author":"MKS Al-Mhdawi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al-Mhdawi MKS, Brito M, Onggo BS, Qazi A, O\u2019Connor A. COVID-19 emerging risk assessment for the construction industry of developing countries: evidence from Iraq. Int J Constr Manag. 2024;24(7):693\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15623599.2023.2169301.","journal-title":"Int J Constr Manag"},{"key":"905_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.101863","volume":"21","author":"R Ambarwati","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ambarwati R, Dijaya R, Anshory I. A multi-method study of risk assessment and human risk control for power plant business continuity in Indonesia. Results Eng. 2024;21:101863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.101863.","journal-title":"Results Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"905_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20964","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-72051-5","volume":"14","author":"Y Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu Y, Wang Y, Liu H, Xie L, Jiao L, Lu P. Risk assessment of bridge construction investigated using random forest algorithm. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):20964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-72051-5.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"905_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40999-023-00888-4","volume":"22","author":"B Roghani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Roghani B, Tabesh M, Cherqui F. A fuzzy multidimensional risk assessment method for sewer asset management. Int J Civ Eng. 2024;22(1):1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40999-023-00888-4.","journal-title":"Int J Civ Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"905_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su17041467","volume":"17","author":"HA Elsherbeny","year":"2025","unstructured":"Elsherbeny HA, Gunduz M, Ugur LO. A hybrid model for enhancing risk management and operational performance of AEC (Architectural, Engineering, and Construction) consultants: an integrated partial least squares\u2013artificial neural network (PLS\u2013ANN) approach. Sustainability. 2025;17(4):1467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su17041467.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"1","key":"905_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.14486","volume":"45","author":"A Nosrati Malekjahan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nosrati Malekjahan A, Husseinzadeh Kashan A, Sajadi SM. A novel sequential risk assessment model for analyzing commercial aviation accidents: soft computing perspective. Risk Anal. 2025;45(1):128\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/risa.14486.","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"issue":"17","key":"905_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9371","DOI":"10.3390\/app15179371","volume":"15","author":"A Starczyk-Ko\u0142byk","year":"2025","unstructured":"Starczyk-Ko\u0142byk A, J\u0119dras I. Integrated risk assessment in construction contracts: comparative evaluation of risk matrix and Monte Carlo simulation on a high-rise office building project. Appl Sci. 2025;15(17):9371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app15179371.","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"905_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.3390\/su17020528","volume":"17","author":"SM Hatefi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hatefi SM, Ahmadi H, Tamo\u0161aitien\u0117 J. Risk assessment in mass housing projects using the integrated method of fuzzy shannon entropy and fuzzy edas. Sustainability. 2025;17(2):528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su17020528.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"1","key":"905_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s44196-025-00746-2","volume":"18","author":"C Yu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yu C, Zhao F, Yin Y, Wu Y. Entropy-weighted TOPSIS-based bird strike risk assessment for an airport. Int J Comput Intell Syst. 2025;18(1):28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44196-025-00746-2.","journal-title":"Int J Comput Intell Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"905_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9048","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64260-x","volume":"16","author":"D Malinowska","year":"2025","unstructured":"Malinowska D, Milillo P, Reale C, Blenkinsopp C, Giardina G. Global geo-hazard risk assessment of long-span bridges enhanced with InSAR availability. Nat Commun. 2025;16(1):9048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-64260-x.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"13","key":"905_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15132245","volume":"15","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Wu Z, Xiong C, Wang J, Antwi-Afari MF. A Data-Driven analysis of engineering contract risk characterization based on judicial cases of disputes. Buildings. 2025;15(13):2245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings15132245.","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"issue":"3","key":"905_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1108\/ECAM-02-2023-0172","volume":"32","author":"H Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou H, Gao B, Tang S, Li B, Wang S. Intelligent detection on construction project contract missing clauses based on deep learning and NLP. Eng Constr Archit Manage. 2025;32(3):1546\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ECAM-02-2023-0172.","journal-title":"Eng Constr Archit Manage"},{"issue":"1","key":"905_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-024-05898-6","volume":"338","author":"S Jain","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jain S, Jauhar SK, Piyush A. A machine-learning-based framework for contractor selection and order allocation in public construction projects considering sustainability, risk, and safety. Annals Operations Res. 2024;338(1):225\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10479-024-05898-6.","journal-title":"Annals Operations Res"},{"key":"905_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2025.104251","volume":"166","author":"I Dikmen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dikmen I, Eken G, Erol H, Birgonul MT. Automated construction contract analysis for risk and responsibility assessment using natural language processing and machine learning. Comput Ind. 2025;166:104251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compind.2025.104251.","journal-title":"Comput Ind"},{"issue":"15","key":"905_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su14159303","volume":"14","author":"O Alshboul","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alshboul O, Shehadeh A, Mamlook REA, Almasabha G, Almuflih AS, Alghamdi SY. Prediction liquidated damages via ensemble machine learning model: Towards sustainable highway construction projects. Sustainability. 2022;14(15):9303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14159303.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"4","key":"905_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s40030-022-00690-w","volume":"103","author":"MR George","year":"2022","unstructured":"George MR, Nalluri MR, Anand KB. Application of ensemble machine learning for construction safety risk assessment. J Inst Eng (India): Ser A. 2022;103(4):989\u20131003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40030-022-00690-w.","journal-title":"J Inst Eng (India): Ser A"},{"key":"905_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104465","volume":"142","author":"S Moon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moon S, Chi S, Im SB. Automated detection of contractual risk clauses from construction specifications using bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT). Autom Constr. 2022;142:104465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104465.","journal-title":"Autom Constr"},{"issue":"15","key":"905_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1080\/15623599.2023.2286046","volume":"24","author":"YX Ye","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ye YX, Shan M, Gao X, Li Q, Zhang H. Examining causes of disputes in subcontracting litigation cases using text mining and natural language processing techniques. Int J Constr Manage. 2024;24(15):1617\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15623599.2023.2286046.","journal-title":"Int J Constr Manage"},{"key":"905_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2025.106044","volume":"172","author":"J Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim J, Kwon B, Lee J, Mun D. Inherent risks identification in a contract document through automated rule generation. Autom Constr. 2025;172:106044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autcon.2025.106044.","journal-title":"Autom Constr"},{"key":"905_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2024.104082","volume":"157","author":"S Wong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wong S, Zheng C, Su X, Tang Y. Construction contract risk identification based on knowledge-augmented language models. Comput Ind. 2024;157:104082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compind.2024.104082.","journal-title":"Comput Ind"},{"issue":"3","key":"905_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1080\/01446193.2024.2415676","volume":"43","author":"Y Gao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gao Y, Gan Y, Chen Y, Chen Y. Application of large language models to intelligently analyze long construction contract texts. Constr Manag Econ. 2025;43(3):226\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01446193.2024.2415676.","journal-title":"Constr Manag Econ"},{"key":"905_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.125296","volume":"259","author":"MH Kazemi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kazemi MH, Alvanchi A. Application of NLP-based models in automated detection of risky contract statements written in complex script system. Expert Syst Appl. 2025;259:125296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.125296.","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"issue":"2","key":"905_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.3390\/math12020272","volume":"12","author":"J Guan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guan J, Yu Z, Liao Y, Tang R, Duan M, Han G. Predicting critical path of labor dispute resolution in legal domain by machine learning models based on shapley additive explanations and soft voting strategy. Mathematics. 2024;12(2):272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/math12020272.","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"key":"905_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2024.105466","volume":"164","author":"N Gao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gao N, Touran A, Wang Q, Beauchamp N. Construction risk identification using a multi-sentence context-aware method. Autom Constr. 2024;164:105466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autcon.2024.105466.","journal-title":"Autom Constr"},{"issue":"11","key":"905_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3359","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14113359","volume":"14","author":"W Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee W, Lee S. Development of a knowledge base for construction risk assessments using BERT and graph models. Buildings. 2024;14(11):3359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings14113359.","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"issue":"11","key":"905_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su14116938","volume":"14","author":"SW Choi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Choi SW, Lee EB. Contractor\u2019s risk analysis of engineering procurement and construction (EPC) contracts using ontological semantic model and Bi-long short-term memory (LSTM) technology. Sustainability. 2022;14(11):6938. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14116938.","journal-title":"Sustainability"}],"container-title":["Discover Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44163-026-00905-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-026-00905-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-026-00905-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T10:29:27Z","timestamp":1773224967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44163-026-00905-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["905"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44163-026-00905-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-0809"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-0809","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"195"}}