{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T07:46:44Z","timestamp":1775720804719,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":36,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Artif Intell"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-026-00936-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T18:34:39Z","timestamp":1772649279000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Geospatial AI for heritage risk assessment: a machine learning approach to safeguarding cultural landmarks"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"El-Deeb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Osama","family":"Hussien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Fritsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Moustafa Ahmed","family":"Baraka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mona B.","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"936_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2015.09.003","volume":"54","author":"A Agapiou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Agapiou A, Lysandrou V, Alexakis D, Themistocleous K, Cuca B, Argyriou A, et al. Cultural heritage management and monitoring using remote sensing data and GIS: the case study of paphos area, cyprus. Comput Environ Urban Syst. 2015;54:230\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2015.09.003 (https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0198971515300144).","journal-title":"Comput Environ Urban Syst"},{"key":"936_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119968115","volume-title":"The historic urban landscape: managing heritage in an urban century","author":"F Bandarin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bandarin F, Van Oers R. The historic urban landscape: managing heritage in an urban century. John Wiley & Sons; 2012."},{"key":"936_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barik RK, Lenka RK, Ali SM, Gupta N, Satpathy A, Raj A. Investigation into the efficacy of geospatial big data visualization tools. In 2017 international conference on computing, communication and automation (iccca) (p.88-93). Greater Noida, India. 2017.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCAA.2017.8229777"},{"key":"936_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14780771241287348","author":"S Chakraborty","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chakraborty S, Ji S. Analyzing spatial technology trends in urban heritage preservation: a bibliometrics study. Int J Archit Comput. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14780771241287348. (Advance online publication).","journal-title":"Int J Archit Comput"},{"issue":"3","key":"936_CR5","volume":"1","author":"K Crowley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Crowley K, Jackson R, O\u2019connell S, Karunarthna D, Anantasari E, Retnowati A, et al. Cultural heritage and risk assessments: gaps, challenges, and future research directions for the inclusion of heritage within climate change adaptation and disaster management. Clim Resil Sustain. 2022;1(3):e45.","journal-title":"Clim Resil Sustain"},{"key":"936_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157314","volume":"845","author":"L Damas Moll\u00e1","year":"2022","unstructured":"Damas Moll\u00e1 L, Sagarna M, Zabaleta A, Aranburu A, Antiguedad I, Uriarte JA. Methodology for assessing the vulnerability of built cultural heritage. Sci Total Environ. 2022;845:157314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157314 (https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969722044126).","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"936_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3389\/fbuil.2019.00087","volume":"5","author":"M D\u2019Amato","year":"2019","unstructured":"D\u2019Amato M, Gigliotti R, Laguardia R. Seismic isolation for protecting historical buildings: a case study. Front Built Environ. 2019;5:87.","journal-title":"Front Built Environ"},{"key":"936_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15583058.2024.2364717","author":"BQD Dammag","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dammag BQD, Jian D, Dammag AQ. Cultural heritage sites risk assessment and management using a hybridized technique based on GIS and SWOT-AHP in the ancient city of ibb, Yemen. Int J Architect Herit. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15583058.2024.2364717.","journal-title":"Int J Architect Herit"},{"issue":"1","key":"936_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540007","DOI":"10.1142\/S0578563415400070","volume":"57","author":"D Dassanayake","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dassanayake D, Burzel A, Oumeraci H. Methods for the evaluation of intangible flood losses and their integration in flood risk analysis. Coast Eng J. 2015;57(1):1540007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S0578563415400070.","journal-title":"Coast Eng J"},{"key":"936_CR10","unstructured":"Demas M. Planning for conservation and management of archaeological sites: a values-based approach. J.M.\u00a0Teutonico and G.\u00a0Palumbo (Eds.), Management planning for archaeological sites (p.27-56). Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute. 2002."},{"issue":"2","key":"936_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/10095020.2017.1337318","volume":"20","author":"J Dold","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dold J, Groopman J. The future of geospatial intelligence. Geo-spatial Inf Sci. 2017;20(2):151\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10095020.2017.1337318.","journal-title":"Geo-spatial Inf Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"936_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1057\/udi.2013.13","volume":"19","author":"K Dovey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dovey K, Pafka E. The urban density assemblage: modelling multiple measures. Urban Design Int. 2014;19(1):66\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/udi.2013.13.","journal-title":"Urban Design Int"},{"key":"936_CR13","volume-title":"Between branding and identity, re-imaging historic cairo (Unpublished doctoral dissertation)","author":"A El Hakeh","year":"2018","unstructured":"El Hakeh A. Between branding and identity, re-imaging historic Cairo (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Darmstadt: GermanyTechnische Universitat Darmstadt; 2018."},{"issue":"3","key":"936_CR14","first-page":"537","volume":"7","author":"AA El-Rasoul","year":"2016","unstructured":"El-Rasoul AA. Documentation of historic buildings by using digital photogrammetry and laser scanner. Int J Civil Eng Technol. 2016;7(3):537\u201350.","journal-title":"Int J Civil Eng Technol"},{"key":"936_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiorucci M, Khoroshiltseva M, Pontil M, Traviglia A, Del Bue A, James S. Machine learning for cultural heritage: a survey. Pattern Recogn Lett. 2020;133:102\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patrec.2020.02.017 (https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0167865520300532).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2020.02.017"},{"key":"936_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fu L, Zhang Q, Tang Y, Pan J, Li Q. Assessment of urbanization impact on cultural heritage based on a risk-based cumulative impact assessment method. Herit Sci. 2023;11:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40494-023-01024-0.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-023-01024-0"},{"key":"936_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghodya MKM, Azzam, YA- E, Maarouf IE-S,. Strategy of integrating egyptian sites into world heritage property: Rashid city as a case study. Ain Shams Eng J. 2021;12(3):3381\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asej.2020.11.021.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asej.2020.11.021"},{"key":"936_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203108857","volume-title":"Heritage: critical approaches","author":"R Harrison","year":"2012","unstructured":"Harrison R. Heritage: critical approaches. 1st ed. London: Routledge; 2012.","edition":"1"},{"issue":"1","key":"936_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-020-0356-9","volume":"8","author":"S Hemeda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hemeda S, Sonbol A. Sustainability problems of the giza pyramids. Herit Sci. 2020;8(1):8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40494-020-0356-9.","journal-title":"Herit Sci"},{"key":"936_CR20","unstructured":"International Labour Organization (2022). Technical meeting on covid-19 and sustainable recovery in the tourism sector. (Retrieved January 18, 2025)"},{"key":"936_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10963480231205767","author":"S Jia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jia S, Chi OH, Martinez SD, Lu L. When old meets new: unlocking the future of innovative technology implementation in heritage tourism. J Hosp Tour Res. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10963480231205767. (Advance online publication).","journal-title":"J Hosp Tour Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"936_CR22","first-page":"23","volume":"3","author":"J Jokilehto","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jokilehto J. International charters on urban conservation: some thoughts on the principles expressed in current international doctrine. City & Time. 2007;3(3):23\u201342.","journal-title":"City & Time"},{"key":"936_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labourg P, Destercke S, Guillaume R, Rohmer J, Quost B, Belbeze S. Geospatial uncertainties: A focus on intervals and spatial models based on inverse distance weighting. M.- J.\u00a0Lesot et\u00a0al. (Eds.), Information processing and management of uncertainty in knowledge-based systems (p.377-388). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. 2024.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-74003-9_30"},{"issue":"2","key":"936_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1108\/17506181011045190","volume":"4","author":"A Leask","year":"2010","unstructured":"Leask A, Rihova I. The role of heritage tourism in the shetland islands. Int J Cult Tour Hosp Res. 2010;4(2):118\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/17506181011045190.","journal-title":"Int J Cult Tour Hosp Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"936_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10596-019-09913-9","volume":"24","author":"Z Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Z, Zhang X, Zhu R, Zhang Z, Weng Z. Integrating data-to-data correlation into inverse distance weighting. Comput Geosci. 2020;24(1):203\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10596-019-09913-9.","journal-title":"Comput Geosci"},{"key":"936_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-12381-9_19","volume-title":"The mathematics of urban morphology","author":"S Marshall","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marshall S, Gong Y, Green N. Urban compactness: new geometric interpretations and indicators. In: The mathematics of urban morphology. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019. p. 431\u201356."},{"key":"936_CR27","first-page":"385","volume-title":"Urban microclimate modelling for comfort and energy studies","author":"M Morganti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morganti M. Spatial metrics to investigate the impact of urban form on microclimate and building energy performance: an essential overview. In: Urban microclimate modelling for comfort and energy studies. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021. p. 385\u2013402."},{"key":"936_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouchra H, Belangour A, Erraissi A. An overview of geospatial artificial intelligence technologies for city planning and development. 2023 fifth international conference on electrical, computer and communication technologies (icecct) (p.1-7). Erode, India. 2023.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECCT56650.2023.10179796"},{"issue":"1","key":"936_CR29","first-page":"39","volume":"10","author":"AR Ramalhinho","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ramalhinho AR, Macedo MF. Cultural heritage risk analysis models: an overview. Int J Conserv Sci. 2019;10(1):39\u201358.","journal-title":"Int J Conserv Sci"},{"key":"936_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.daach.2024.e00333","volume":"33","author":"MS Roodposhti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Roodposhti MS, Esmaeelbeigi F. Viewpoints on AR and VR in heritage tourism. Digit Appl Archaeol Cult Herit. 2024;33:e00333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.daach.2024.e00333.","journal-title":"Digit Appl Archaeol Cult Herit"},{"key":"936_CR31","volume-title":"The analytic hierarchy process: Planning, priority setting, resource allocation","author":"TL Saaty","year":"1980","unstructured":"Saaty TL. The analytic hierarchy process: Planning, priority setting, resource allocation. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1980."},{"key":"936_CR32","volume-title":"The atlas of climate change impact on European cultural heritage: scientific analysis and management strategies","author":"C Sabbioni","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sabbioni C, Brimblecombe P, Cassar M. The atlas of climate change impact on European cultural heritage: scientific analysis and management strategies. London: Anthem Press; 2010."},{"key":"936_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128713","volume":"320","author":"A Saha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saha A, Pal SC, Santosh M, Janizadeh S, Chowdhuri I, Norouzi A, et al. Modelling multi-hazard threats to cultural heritage sites and environmental sustainability: the present and future scenarios. J Clean Prod. 2021;320:128713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128713 (https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0959652621029127).","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"936_CR34","volume-title":"Urban design in the Arab world: reconceptualizing boundaries","author":"R Saliba","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saliba R. Urban design in the Arab world: reconceptualizing boundaries. 1st ed. United Kingdom: Routledge; 2021.","edition":"1"},{"issue":"4","key":"936_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1108\/WHATT-03-2022-0035","volume":"14","author":"MB Saydam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saydam MB, Ozturen A, Kilic C. Cultural heritage tourism in north cyprus: findings from in-depth interviews with experts. Worldwide Hosp Tour Themes. 2022;14(4):349\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/WHATT-03-2022-0035.","journal-title":"Worldwide Hosp Tour Themes"},{"key":"936_CR36","unstructured":"Statista. Number of international tourist arrivals worldwide from 1950 to 2023. (Retrieved on 18 January, 2025) 2025."},{"key":"936_CR37","unstructured":"Sustainable Development Goals . Culture and heritage for more sustainable, inclusive and open cities and societies. (Retrieved on 27.2.2025), 2018."},{"issue":"2","key":"936_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccs.2015.11.002","volume":"7","author":"D Throsby","year":"2016","unstructured":"Throsby D. Investment in urban heritage conservation in developing countries: concepts, methods and data. City Cult Soc. 2016;7(2):81\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccs.2015.11.002.","journal-title":"City Cult Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"936_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2007.05.008","volume":"83","author":"C Tweed","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tweed C, Sutherland M. Built cultural heritage and sustainable urban development. Landsc Urban Plan. 2007;83(1):62\u20139.","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plan"},{"key":"936_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Udeaja C, Trillo C, Awuah KG, Makore BC, Patel DA, Mansuri LE, Jha KN. Urban heritage conservation and rapid urbanization: Insights from surat, india. Sustainability, 2020;12(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su12062172.https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/6\/2172","DOI":"10.3390\/su12062172"},{"key":"936_CR41","unstructured":"UNESCO. Intangible cultural heritage. (Retrieved on 21 January, 2025), 2024."},{"key":"936_CR42","unstructured":"UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Historic Cairo. World Heritage Centre website. (Accessed 06-03-2025), 2023a."},{"key":"936_CR43","unstructured":"UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Memphis and its necropolis-the pyramid fields from giza to dahshur. World Heritage Centre website. (Accessed 06-03-2025), 2023b."},{"key":"936_CR44","unstructured":"United Nations Tourism Confidence Index. International tourist arrivals hit 96 percent of pre-pandemic levels through July 2024. (Retrieved on 18 January, 2024), 2024."},{"issue":"1","key":"936_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1179\/1756750513Z.00000000022","volume":"4","author":"L Veldpaus","year":"2013","unstructured":"Veldpaus L, Pereira Roders AR, Colenbrander BJF. Urban heritage: putting the past into the future. Hist Environ Policy Pract. 2013;4(1):3\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/1756750513Z.00000000022.","journal-title":"Hist Environ Policy Pract"},{"key":"936_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470697856","volume-title":"Managing built heritage: the role of cultural values and significance","author":"D Worthing","year":"2008","unstructured":"Worthing D, Bond S. Managing built heritage: the role of cultural values and significance. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 2008."},{"issue":"1","key":"936_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2152494","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2022.2152494","volume":"38","author":"M Yilmaz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yilmaz M. A comparative assessment of the statistical methods based on urban population density estimation. Geocarto Int. 2023;38(1):2152494.","journal-title":"Geocarto Int"}],"container-title":["Discover Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44163-026-00936-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-026-00936-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-026-00936-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T06:54:32Z","timestamp":1775717672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44163-026-00936-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["936"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44163-026-00936-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-0809"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-0809","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"302"}}