{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T22:50:54Z","timestamp":1780354254509,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771113600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":37,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U2333204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2333204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U2333204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2333204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U2333204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2333204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Artif Intell"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study proposes an innovative dual-objective optimization model for the location and allocation problem of drone delivery centers in urban logistics, aiming to simultaneously minimize the overall cost and maximize delivery time efficiency. To address the complexity of this NP-hard problem, an Improved Genetic-Particle Swarm Optimization (IGA-PSO) hybrid algorithm was designed, which integrates a simulated annealing selection strategy and a Gaussian noise perturbation mechanism to enhance solution quality and robustness. Simulation results based on a 50-node urban scenario demonstrate that the proposed IGA-PSO significantly outperforms standard GA and PSO, converging to the optimal solution (Total Cost: 300,704 CNY; Average Time Utility: 0.894) by the 20th iteration. Sensitivity analysis further reveals the critical impact of airspace configurations: expanding feasible airspace reduces total costs by 15.4% (to 254,438 CNY), whereas introducing new no-fly zones increases costs by 9.6%. Additionally, scalability tests confirm that the model maintains linear time complexity (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$${R}^{2}\\approx0.99$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ) as the number of demand nodes increases. This study provides theoretical support and data-driven guidance for the coordinated optimization of economy, efficiency, and sustainability in urban drone logistics systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-026-00940-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T07:53:14Z","timestamp":1771141994000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Research on dual objective optimization of location and allocation for urban logistics drone distribution centers based on cost and timeliness"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Qing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haonan","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"940_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12544-019-0368-2","volume":"11","author":"JP AURAMBOUT","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aurambout JP, Gkoumas K. Last mile delivery by drones: an Estimation of viable market potential and access to citizens across European cities. Eur Transp Res Rev. 2019;11(1):30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12544-019-0368-2.","journal-title":"Eur Transp Res Rev"},{"key":"940_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.114854","volume":"177","author":"WINKENBACHM MOSHREF-JAVADI M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moshref-Javadi M, Winkenbach M. Applications and research avenues for drone-based models in logistics: a classification and review. Expert Syst Appl. 2021;177:114854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.114854.","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"940_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajsl.2021.10.003","volume":"38","author":"NONG TN M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nong TN M. A hybrid model for distribution center location selection. Asian J Shipping Logist. 2022;38(1):40\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajsl.2021.10.003.","journal-title":"Asian J Shipping Logistics"},{"key":"940_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang J, Weng Z, Guo Y. Distribution center location model based on Gauss-Kruger projection and gravity method. In: Journal of physics: conference series, vol. 1972; 2021. p. 012075. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/1972\/1\/012075.","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1972\/1\/012075"},{"issue":"8","key":"940_CR5","first-page":"226","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen G, Fu JY. Research on the location selection of UAV distribution center under the background of military-civilian integration. 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Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol. 2019;99:1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trc.2018.12.001.","journal-title":"Transp Res Part C: Emerg Technol"},{"key":"940_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang H, Feng D, Zhang X, et al. Research on the layout planning of take-off and landing points for urban logistics drones. Transp Syst Eng Inform; 2022;22(3):207\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16097\/j.cnki.1009-6744.2022.03.023.","DOI":"10.16097\/j.cnki.1009-6744.2022.03.023"},{"key":"940_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.105942","volume":"121","author":"C HUANG","year":"2023","unstructured":"HUANG C, ZHOU X, RAN X, et al. Adaptive cylinder vector particle swarm optimization with differential evolution for UAV path planning. Eng Appl Artif Intell. 2023;121:105942. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.105942.","journal-title":"Eng Appl Artif Intell"},{"issue":"12","key":"940_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7450","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2020.2968839","volume":"51","author":"Y LIU","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu Y, Liu Z, Shi J, et al. Two-Echelon routing problem for parcel delivery by cooperated truck and drone. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Syst. 2021;51(12):7450\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSMC.2020.2968839.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybernetics: Syst"},{"key":"940_CR11","unstructured":"Jin Y. Research on positioning and path optimization of UAV urban instant delivery based on two-level planning. Zhejiang Gongshang University, 2019. https:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/KCMS\/detail\/detail.aspx?dbcode=CMFDdbname=CMFD201901filename=1019100759.nh."},{"key":"940_CR12","unstructured":"Jin Y. Optimization model of location selection for rural logistics distribution center based on improved particle swarm optimization algorithm. Inner Mongolia Sci Technol Econ. 2024(1):19\u201323."},{"issue":"4","key":"940_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.19650\/j.cnki.cjsi.J2413512","volume":"46","author":"G Wu Xiaowen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu X,Guo M, Hu A, et al. UAV path planning based on improved genetic particle swarm optimization algorithm. Chin J Sci Instrum. 2025;46(4):315\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19650\/j.cnki.cjsi.J2413512.","journal-title":"Chin J Sci Instrument"},{"key":"940_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2018.08.008","volume":"115","author":"M Nazarahari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nazarahari M, Khanmirza E. Multi-objective multi-robot path planning in continuous environment using an enhanced genetic algorithm. 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Expert Syst Appl. 2025;281:127496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127496.","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"}],"container-title":["Discover Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44163-026-00940-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-026-00940-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-026-00940-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T11:16:41Z","timestamp":1774351001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44163-026-00940-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["940"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44163-026-00940-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-0809"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-0809","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. (Since this study does not involve human or animal subjects, ethical approval is not required.)","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to particpate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"228"}}