{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T08:45:32Z","timestamp":1777020332278,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Artif Intell"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-026-01255-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T07:44:20Z","timestamp":1777016660000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human AI trust modeling in cognitive systems via ensemble learning and advanced feature engineering"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Karthik","family":"Ramamurthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanchay","family":"Gumber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Waleed Mohammed","family":"Abdelfattah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nabeel Ahmed","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zohaib","family":"Mushtaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imran","family":"Siddique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"1255_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amershi S, Weld D, Vorvoreanu M, Fourney A, Nushi B, Collisson P, Suh J, Iqbal S, Bennett PN, Inkpen K, Teevan J, Kikin-Gil R, Horvitz E. Guidelines for human-ai interaction. In: Proceedings of the 2019 chi conference on human factors in computing systems, CHI \u201919, page 1\u201313, New York, NY, USA, 2019. Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300233"},{"key":"1255_CR2","unstructured":"Puig X, Shu T, et al. Watch-and-help: a Challenge for social perception and human-AI collaboration. In: International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), 2021."},{"key":"1255_CR3","unstructured":"Pawar U, O\u2019Shea D, Rea S, O\u2019Reilly R. Incorporating explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) to aid the understanding of machine learning in the healthcare domain. In: Irish Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science, 2022;169-180."},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"1255_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i68","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2010.042085","volume":"19","author":"DF Sittig","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sittig DF, Singh H. A new sociotechnical model for studying health information technology in complex adaptive healthcare systems. Qual Saf Health Care. 2010;19(Suppl 3):i68-74.","journal-title":"Qual Saf Health Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"1255_CR5","first-page":"1","volume":"21","author":"V Soni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Soni V. Impact of generative AI on small and medium enterprises\u2019 revenue growth: the moderating role of human, technological, and market factors. J Electron Commer Organ. 2023;21(1):1\u201323.","journal-title":"J Electron Commer Organ"},{"issue":"3","key":"1255_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720810376055","volume":"52","author":"R Parasuraman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Parasuraman R, Manzey DH. Complacency and bias in human use of automation: an attentional integration. Hum Factors. 2010;52(3):381\u2013410.","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"issue":"1","key":"1255_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.1.50.30392","volume":"46","author":"JD Lee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lee JD, See KA. Trust in automation: designing for appropriate reliance. Hum Factors. 2004;46(1):50\u201380.","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"1255_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2020.102551","volume":"146","author":"D Shin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shin D. The effects of explainability and causability on perception, trust, and acceptance: implications for explainable AI. Int J Hum Comput Stud. 2021;146:102551.","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"issue":"3","key":"1255_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2018.2701164","volume":"16","author":"BC Stahl","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stahl BC, Wright D. Ethics and privacy in AI and big data: mplementing responsible research and innovation. IEEE Security & Privacy. 2018;16(3):26\u201333.","journal-title":"IEEE Security & Privacy"},{"key":"1255_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2025.103352","volume":"123","author":"VL Kalmykov","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kalmykov VL, Kalmykov LV. Towards eXplicitly eXplainable Artificial Intelligence. Information Fusion. 2025;123:103352.","journal-title":"Information Fusion"},{"issue":"6","key":"1255_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2020.1741118","volume":"36","author":"B Shneiderman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shneiderman B. Human-centered artificial intelligence: reliable, safe & trustworthy. Inter J Human-Comput Interaction. 2020;36(6):495\u2013504.","journal-title":"Inter J Human-Comput Interaction"},{"issue":"2","key":"1255_CR12","first-page":"162","volume":"99","author":"D De Cremer","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Cremer D, Kasparov G. AI should augment human intelligence, not replace it. Harv Bus Rev. 2021;99(2):162\u20137.","journal-title":"Harv Bus Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1255_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.2307\/258792","volume":"20","author":"RC Mayer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mayer RC, Davis JH, Schoorman FD. An integrative model of organizational trust. Acad Manag Rev. 1995;20(3):709\u201334.","journal-title":"Acad Manag Rev"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"1255_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(87)80013-5","volume":"27","author":"BM Muir","year":"1987","unstructured":"Muir BM. Trust between humans and machines, and the design of decision aids. Int J Man Mach Stud. 1987;27(5\u20136):527\u201339.","journal-title":"Int J Man Mach Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"1255_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.5465\/annals.2018.0057","volume":"14","author":"E Glikson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Glikson E, Woolley AW. Human trust in artificial intelligence: review of empirical research. Acad Manag Ann. 2020;14(2):627\u201360.","journal-title":"Acad Manag Ann"},{"issue":"2","key":"1255_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.11.007","volume":"19","author":"SM Schaafsma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schaafsma SM, Pfaff D, Spijker R, Matthews M. Deconstructing and reconstructing theory of mind. Trends Cogn Sci. 2015;19(2):65\u201372.","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1255_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378001700405","volume":"17","author":"RL Oliver","year":"1980","unstructured":"Oliver RL. A cognitive model of the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction decisions. J Mark Res. 1980;17(4):460\u20139.","journal-title":"J Mark Res"},{"key":"1255_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sweller J. Cognitive load theory. In Psychology of learning and motivation, 2011;55:37\u201376. Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-387691-1.00002-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"1255_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326985EP3801_1","volume":"38","author":"F Paas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Paas F, Renkl A, Sweller J. Cognitive load theory and instructional design: recent developments. Edu Psychologist. 2003;38(1):1\u20134.","journal-title":"Edu Psychologist"},{"issue":"CSCW2","key":"1255_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3476068","volume":"5","author":"O Vereschak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vereschak O, Presle Y, Uhl A, Provencal J. How to evaluate trust in AI-assisted decision making? a survey of empirical methodologies. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Comput Interaction. 2021;5(CSCW2):1\u201339.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Comput Interaction"},{"key":"1255_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ehsan U, Liao QV, Muller M, Riedl MO, Weisz JD. Expanding explainability: towards social transparency in AI systems. In: Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2021;1\u201319.","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445188"},{"key":"1255_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro MT, Singh S, Guestrin C. \"Why should I trust you?\": Explaining the predictions of any classifier. In: Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining, 2016;1135\u20131144.","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939778"},{"key":"1255_CR23","unstructured":"Lundberg SM, Lee S-I. A unified approach to interpreting model predictions. In Advances in neural information processing systems, 2017;30."},{"key":"1255_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2024.101742","volume":"56","author":"H Vartiainen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vartiainen H, Liukkonen P, Tedre M. Emerging human-technology relationships in a co-design process with generative AI. Thinking Skills and Creativity. 2025;56:101742.","journal-title":"Thinking Skills and Creativity"},{"key":"1255_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai Y, Ong DC, Lee YK, Suh J, Zhan H, Li JJ. Human-AI collaboration in healthcare: a review and research agenda. 2021.","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2021.046"},{"issue":"CSCW2","key":"1255_CR26","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"D Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang D, Weisz JD, Muller M, Ram P, Geyer W, Dugan C, et al. Human-AI collaboration in data science: exploring data scientists\u2019 perceptions of automated AI. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Comput Interaction. 2021;5(CSCW2):1\u201324.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Comput Interaction"},{"key":"1255_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehman F, Anwar M, Ul Mujtaba A, Akhtar M. Chapter 12 - Future privacy and trust challenges for AI-based healthcare systems. In Kashif Naseer Qureshi, Thomas Newe, and Gwanggil Jeon, editors, Artificial Intelligence-Based Smart Healthcare Systems, pages 271-292. Academic Press, 2025.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-26476-4.00005-8"},{"key":"1255_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75223","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2985075","volume":"8","author":"D Kang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kang D, Kum D. Camera and radar sensor fusion for robust vehicle localization via vehicle part localization. IEEE Access. 2020;8:75223\u201336.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1255_CR29","unstructured":"Hofstede G, Hofstede GJ, Minkov M. Cultures and organizations: software of the mind. McGraw-Hill, 2010."},{"issue":"3","key":"1255_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720814547570","volume":"57","author":"KA Hoff","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hoff KA, Bashir M. Trust in automation: integrating empirical evidence on factors that influence trust. Hum Factors. 2015;57(3):407\u201334.","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"issue":"1","key":"1255_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1970.10488634","volume":"12","author":"AE Hoerl","year":"1970","unstructured":"Hoerl AE, Kennard RW. Ridge regression: biased estimation for nonorthogonal problems. Technometrics. 1970;12(1):55\u201367.","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"1255_CR32","first-page":"2541","volume":"7","author":"P Zhao","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhao P, Yu B. On model selection consistency of Lasso. J Mach Learn Res. 2006;7:2541\u201363.","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"1255_CR33","first-page":"211","volume":"1","author":"ME Tipping","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tipping ME. Sparse Bayesian learning and the relevance vector machine. J Mach Learn Res. 2001;1:211\u201344.","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"1255_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471725250","volume-title":"Robust Stat","author":"PJ Huber","year":"1981","unstructured":"Huber PJ. Robust Stat. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1981."},{"key":"1255_CR35","volume-title":"Classification and Regression Trees","author":"L Breiman","year":"1984","unstructured":"Breiman L, Friedman JH, Olshen RA, Stone CJ. Classification and Regression Trees. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth; 1984."},{"key":"1255_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","volume":"45","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breiman L. Random forests. Mach Learn. 2001;45:5\u201332.","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"issue":"5","key":"1255_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013203451","volume":"29","author":"JH Friedman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Friedman JH. Greedy function approximation: a gradient boosting machine. Ann Stat. 2001;29(5):1189\u2013232.","journal-title":"Ann Stat"},{"issue":"4","key":"1255_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176343886","volume":"5","author":"CJ Stone","year":"1977","unstructured":"Stone CJ. Consistent nonparametric regression. Ann Stat. 1977;5(4):595\u2013620.","journal-title":"Ann Stat"},{"key":"1255_CR39","unstructured":"Eshaal Malik, Human-AI Interaction, Kaggle, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34740\/KAGGLE\/DSV\/13207192.Available at: https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/dsv\/13207192"},{"issue":"5","key":"1255_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(89)90020-8","volume":"2","author":"K Hornik","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hornik K, Stinchcombe M, White H. Multilayer feedforward networks are universal approximators. Neural Netw. 1989;2(5):359\u201366.","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"issue":"2","key":"1255_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2005.00503.x","volume":"67","author":"H Zou","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zou H, Hastie T. Regularization and variable selection via the elastic net. J Royal Stat Soc Series B (Statistical Methodology). 2005;67(2):301\u201320.","journal-title":"J Royal Stat Soc Series B (Statistical Methodology)"},{"key":"1255_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen T, Guestrin C. XGBoost: A scalable tree boosting system. In: Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 2016;785\u2013794.","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"issue":"1","key":"1255_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1006\/jcss.1997.1504","volume":"55","author":"Y Freund","year":"1997","unstructured":"Freund Y, Schapire RE. A decision-theoretic generalization of on-line learning and an application to boosting. J Comput Syst Sci. 1997;55(1):119\u201339.","journal-title":"J Comput Syst Sci"},{"key":"1255_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1023\/B:STCO.0000035301.49549.88","volume":"14","author":"AJ Smola","year":"2004","unstructured":"Smola AJ, Sch\u00f6lkopf B. A tutorial on support vector regression. Stat Comput. 2004;14:199\u2013222.","journal-title":"Stat Comput"},{"key":"1255_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-006-6226-1","volume":"63","author":"P Geurts","year":"2006","unstructured":"Geurts P, Ernst D, Wehenkel L. Extremely randomized trees. Mach Learn. 2006;63:3\u201342.","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"key":"1255_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018054314350","volume":"24","author":"L Breiman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Breiman L. Bagging predictors. Mach Learn. 1996;24:123\u201340.","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"issue":"2","key":"1255_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(05)80023-1","volume":"5","author":"DH Wolpert","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wolpert DH. Stacked generalization. Neural Netw. 1992;5(2):241\u201359.","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"key":"1255_CR48","unstructured":"Human clarity institute. Digital Trust 2025 (Dataset, n = 505) (Version 2.2.1) [Data set]. Zenodo, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.17850926"}],"container-title":["Discover Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44163-026-01255-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-026-01255-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-026-01255-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T08:02:36Z","timestamp":1777017756000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44163-026-01255-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1255"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44163-026-01255-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-0809"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-0809","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors consent for the publication of this manuscript without any reservation.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}],"article-number":"366"}}