{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T23:10:28Z","timestamp":1789081828321,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":78,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Artif Intell"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-026-01633-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T13:25:05Z","timestamp":1782393905000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi scale attention driven DACDiff+ distributed power FDIAs defense model"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guowei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangpei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"1633_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2022.10.021","volume":"140","author":"MA Husnoo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Husnoo MA, Anwar A, Hosseinzadeh N, Islam SN, Mahmood AN, Doss R. False data injection threats in active distribution systems: a comprehensive survey. Future Generation Comput Syst. 2023;140:344\u201364.","journal-title":"Future Generation Comput Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"1633_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1049\/cps2.12093","volume":"9","author":"M Irfan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Irfan M, Sadighian A, Tanveer A, Al-Naimi SJ, Oligeri G. A survey on detection and localisation of false data injection attacks in smart grids. IET cyber-physical systems: theory appl. 2024;9(4):313\u201333.","journal-title":"IET Cyber-Physical Systems: Theory Appl"},{"key":"1633_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article121706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.121706","volume":"238","author":"X Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li X, Hu L, Lu Z. Detection of false data injection attack in power grid based on spatial-temporal transformer network. Expert Syst Appl. 2024;238:Article121706.","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"1633_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article108612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2022.108612","volume":"145","author":"AS Musleh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Musleh AS, Chen G, Dong ZY, Wang C, Chen S. Spatio-temporal data-driven detection of false data injection attacks in power distribution systems. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst. 2023;145:Article108612.","journal-title":"Int J Electr Power Energy Syst"},{"key":"1633_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article1104989","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2022.1104989","volume":"10","author":"X Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin X, An D, Cui F, Zhang F. False data injection attack in smart grid: attack model and reinforcement learning-based detection method. Front Energy Res. 2023;10:Article1104989.","journal-title":"Front Energy Res"},{"key":"1633_CR6","first-page":"1","volume":"73","author":"H Feng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Feng H, Han Y, Si F, Zhao Q. Detection of false data injection attacks in cyber-physical power systems: an adaptive adversarial dual autoencoder with graph representation learning approach. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas. 2024;73:1\u201311.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Instrum Meas"},{"issue":"3","key":"1633_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3223","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2023.3337340","volume":"15","author":"J Xie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xie J, Rahman A, Sun W. Bayesian GAN-based false data injection attack detection in active distribution grids with DERs. IEEE Trans Smart Grid. 2024;15(3):3223\u201334.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Smart Grid"},{"issue":"21","key":"1633_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article5337","DOI":"10.3390\/en17215337","volume":"17","author":"F Kausar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kausar F, Deo S, Hussain S, Ul Haque Z. Federated deep learning model for false data injection attack detection in cyber physical power systems. Energies. 2024;17(21):Article5337.","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"6","key":"1633_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5952","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2024.3399396","volume":"15","author":"M Kesici","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kesici M, Pal B, Yang G. Detection of false data injection attacks in distribution networks: a vertical federated learning approach. IEEE Trans Smart Grid. 2024;15(6):5952\u201364.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Smart Grid"},{"issue":"5","key":"1633_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3992","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2023.3235945","volume":"14","author":"S Wei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wei S, Xu J, Wu Z, Hu Q, Yu X. A false data injection attack detection strategy for unbalanced distribution networks state estimation. IEEE Trans Smart Grid. 2023;14(5):3992\u20134006.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Smart Grid"},{"issue":"10","key":"1633_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article1938","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13101938","volume":"13","author":"W He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He W, Liu W, Wen C, Yang Q. Detection of false data injection attacks on smart grids based on A-BiTG approach. Electronics. 2024;13(10):Article1938.","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"2","key":"1633_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3739","DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2025.067180","volume":"85","author":"Z Qi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qi Z, Wu S, Li J. Localization of false data injection attacks in power grid based on adaptive neighborhood selection and spatio-temporal feature fusion. Computers Mater Continua. 2025;85(2):3739\u201366.","journal-title":"Computers Mater Continua"},{"key":"1633_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin W-T, Chen G, Zhou X. Privacy-preserving federated learning for detecting false data injection attacks on power system. Electr Power Syst Res. 2024;229. Article 110150.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2024.110150"},{"key":"1633_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article111076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2024.111076","volume":"238","author":"MR Dehbozorgi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dehbozorgi MR, Rastegar M, Arani MFM. A deep learning deviation-based scheme to defend against false data injection attacks in power distribution systems. Electr Power Syst Res. 2025;238:Article111076.","journal-title":"Electr Power Syst Res"},{"key":"1633_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang X, Hu M, Luo X, Guan X. False data injection attacks data recovery in smart grids: a graph characteristics-based model. Smart Power & Energy Security; 2025.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spes.2025.06.002"},{"key":"1633_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Y, Wen Z, Chen Z, Mei J, Lin M, Zhu M. (2025). Diffusion models with self-conditioning guidance for multivariate time series anomaly detection. Knowl Based Syst, 330, Article 114511.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2025.114511"},{"key":"1633_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan C, Su L, Xiong L, Yang J, Li F. CT-DDPM: Anomaly detection of multivariate time series with copula and transformer-based denoising diffusion probabilistic models. Inf Sci. 2025;717. Article 122279.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2025.122279"},{"key":"1633_CR18","unstructured":"Yang Y, Jin M, Wen H, Zhang C, Liang Y, Ma L, Wang Y, Liu C, Yang B, Xu Z, Bian J, Pan S, Wen Q. (2024). A survey on diffusion models for time series and spatio-temporal data (arXiv Preprint No. arXiv:2404.18886). arXiv."},{"key":"1633_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasreddine Bouchikhi,Fethi Boussadia,Riyadh Bouddou,Ayodeji Olalekan Salau,Saad Mekhilef,Chaima Gouder\u2026 Abdallah Belabbes. (2025). Optimal distributed generation placement and sizing using modified grey wolf optimization and ETAP for power system performance enhancement and protection adaptation. Scientific Reports, 15 (1), 13919\u201313919.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-98012-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"1633_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13740","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-97944-x","volume":"15","author":"R Kanmani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kanmani R, Mary Praveena. Bio inspired multi agent system for distributed power and interference management in MIMO OFDM networks. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):13740\u201313740.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"1633_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.3390\/en18082132","volume":"18","author":"L Daniel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Daniel L, Gerber AG, Klemmt L, Stoler JS, Alan Meier. Barriers to balcony solar and plug-in distributed energy resources in the United States. Energies. 2025;18(8):2132\u20132132.","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"4","key":"1633_CR22","first-page":"e70123","volume":"7","author":"Z Song","year":"2025","unstructured":"Song Z, Li Z, Tong Y, Dou W, Tao Jiang. Research on the Adaptive protection method for distribution networks with inverter-type distributed power supplies: based on short\u2010circuit impedance calculation. Eng Rep. 2025;7(4):e70123\u201370123.","journal-title":"Eng Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"1633_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.3390\/en18082040","volume":"18","author":"L Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang L, Huang R, Jiao M, Yi Yang. Distributed power trading mechanism based on blockchain smart contracts. Energies. 2025;18(8):2040\u20132040.","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"8","key":"1633_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.3390\/en18081903","volume":"18","author":"Mahmoud Ghofrani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mahmoud Ghofrani. Sensitivity analysis of distribution network reconfiguration optimization for electric vehicle and renewable distributed generator integration. Energies. 2025;18(8):1903\u20131903.","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"7","key":"1633_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.3390\/en18071847","volume":"18","author":"YNA Rasheed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rasheed YNA, Ashish P, Agalgaonkar, Kashem Muttaqi. Enhancing resiliency in distribution power grids with distributed generation through application of visualisation techniques. Energies. 2025;18(7):1847\u20131847.","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"4","key":"1633_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2025.2479622","volume":"19","author":"H Singh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Singh H, Mozafari H, Kavianipour M, Ghamami M, Robert Jackson. Enhancing urban sustainability through optimizing distributed energy resources for electric vehicles\u2019 fast charging. Int J Sustainable Transp. 2025;19(4):344\u201362.","journal-title":"Int J Sustainable Transp"},{"issue":"2","key":"1633_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1080\/23080477.2025.2500845","volume":"13","author":"MO Khan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Khan MO, Mohd Rihan. A comprehensive review of methodologies for the optimal allocation of electric vehicle charging stations alongside distributed generation. Smart Sci. 2025;13(2):264\u201393.","journal-title":"Smart Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1633_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"022008","DOI":"10.1088\/2516-1083\/adbeb4","volume":"7","author":"H Sunjoo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sunjoo H, Noah Kittner. Virtual power plants: bridging utility and customer gaps to facilitate clean energy transitions. Progress Energy. 2025;7(2):022008\u2013022008.","journal-title":"Progress Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"1633_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-89089-8","volume":"15","author":"SR Sumeet Sahay","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sumeet Sahay SR, Biswal G, Shankar AV, Jha B, Appasani AS, Philibert Nsengiyumva. Optimized placement of distributed generators, capacitors, and EV charging stations in reconfigured radial distribution networks using enhanced artificial hummingbird algorithm. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):11144\u201311144.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1633_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diego Feroldi P, Rullo. Sair Rodr\u00edguez del Portal, Lautaro Braccia, Patricio Luppi & David Zumoffen. (2025). Data-driven recursive multivariable modeling, operation, and control of active distribution networks with distributed generation. Comput Electr Eng, 123 (PD), 110241\u2013110241.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2025.110241"},{"key":"1633_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nur Aiman Syafiq Bin Mohd Rostam Affendi, Rahim SRA, Azmi A, Hussain MH, Azmi SA, Musirin I, Norziana Aminudin. &. (2025). Integration of multi-unit distributed generation resources employing a bio-inspired optimizer - artificial hummingbird algorithm in distribution system. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2998 (1), 012008\u2013012008.","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2998\/1\/012008"},{"key":"1633_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei Qi Q, Ai D, Wang J, Zhao TL, Jiani Xiang. &. (2025). A bi-level collaborative operation strategy for multiple virtual power plants based on interval robust linear optimization. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 3000 (1), 012033\u2013012033.","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/3000\/1\/012033"},{"key":"1633_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Li Y, Guo X, Li X, Wang S, Panwang Wang. Jiaxian Cao &. (2025). Research on active distribution network risk identification method considering distributed power sources. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 3000 (1), 012034\u2013012034.","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/3000\/1\/012034"},{"issue":"4","key":"1633_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.32604\/ee.2025.060105","volume":"122","author":"Haoyuan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Haoyuan, Li, Lingling Li. Bilevel planning of distribution networks with distributed generation and energy storage: a case study on the modified IEEE 33-bus system. Energy Eng. 2025;122(4):1337\u201358.","journal-title":"Energy Eng"},{"issue":"7","key":"1633_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.3390\/en18071696","volume":"18","author":"JL Sungmin Lim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sungmin Lim JL, Sangyub Lee. Model predictive control-based energy management system for cooperative optimization of grid-connected microgrids. Energies. 2025;18(7):1696\u20131696.","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"7","key":"1633_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.3390\/en18071658","volume":"18","author":"N Josue","year":"2025","unstructured":"Josue N, Otshwe B, Li S, Chen F, Gong BQ, Ngouokoua J, Chabrol. Adaptive control and market integration: optimizing distributed power resources for a sustainable grid. Energies. 2025;18(7):1658\u20131658.","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"4","key":"1633_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-025-06691-1","volume":"7","author":"J Aakanksha Bedi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aakanksha Bedi J, Ramprabhakar R, Anand VP, Meena, Ibrahim A, Hameed. Empowering net zero energy grids: a comprehensive review of virtual power plants, challenges, applications, and blockchain integration. Discover Appl Sci. 2025;7(4):252\u2013252.","journal-title":"Discover Appl Sci"},{"key":"1633_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asad M, Wang ZHJ, Diao R, Zhiyuan Bao. Likai Liu &. (2025). Optimizing virtual power plant operations in energy and frequency regulation reserve markets: a risk-averse two\u2010stage scenario\u2010oriented stochastic approach. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 2025 (1), 6640754\u20136640754.","DOI":"10.1155\/etep\/6640754"}],"container-title":["Discover Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44163-026-01633-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-026-01633-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-026-01633-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T22:39:27Z","timestamp":1789079967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44163-026-01633-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1633"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44163-026-01633-1","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-9239909\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2731-0809"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-0809","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants, human data, or animal experiments.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1117"}}