{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:27:00Z","timestamp":1787030820740,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Artif Intell"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-026-01711-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:39:13Z","timestamp":1787027953000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deep learning-based automatic evaluation model for translation quality of master of translation and interpreting"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Biao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jilin","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1711_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.24093\/awejtls\/vol7no1.16","volume":"7","author":"E Rashed Alkatheery","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rashed Alkatheery E. Google translate errors in legal texts: Machine translation quality assessment. AWEJ Translation Literary Stud. 2023;7(1):208\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24093\/awejtls\/vol7no1.16.","journal-title":"AWEJ Translation Literary Stud"},{"issue":"7","key":"1711_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0270308","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270308","volume":"17","author":"H Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li H, Deng J. Unreferenced English articles\u2019 translation quality-oriented automatic evaluation technology using sparse autoencoder under the background of deep learning. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(7):e0270308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270308.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"1711_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13060541","volume":"13","author":"C Tavares","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tavares C, Tallone L, Oliveira L, Ribeiro S. The challenges of teaching and assessing technical translation in an era of neural machine translation. Educ Sci. 2023;13(6):541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci13060541.","journal-title":"Educ Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1711_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.35445\/alishlah.v14i1.1308","volume":"14","author":"DK Nasution","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nasution DK. Machine Translation in Website Localization: Assessing its Translation Quality for Language Learning. Al-Ishlah: Jurnal Pendidikan. 2022;14(2):1879\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35445\/alishlah.v14i1.1308.","journal-title":"Al-Ishlah: Jurnal Pendidikan"},{"issue":"1","key":"1711_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0339769","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0339769","volume":"21","author":"S Zhang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhang S, Zhao C. Machine translationese of large language models: Dependency triplets, text classification, and SHAP analysis. PLoS ONE. 2026;21(1):e0339769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0339769.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1711_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2021.03.023","volume":"18","author":"H Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang H, Wu H, He Z, Huang L, Church KW. Progress in machine translation. Engineering. 2022;18:143\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eng.2021.03.023.","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"1711_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-026-09582-2","author":"X Liu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Liu X, Wang W, Du Z, Wang Z, Peng Z, Yang J. Quality assessment of RNA 3D structure models using deep learning and intermediate 2D maps. Commun Biology. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-026-09582-2.","journal-title":"Commun Biology"},{"key":"1711_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00642","volume":"12","author":"Z He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He Z, Liang T, Jiao W, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Wang R, Tu Z, Shi S, Wang X. Exploring human-like translation strategy with large language models. Trans Association Comput Linguistics. 2024;12:229\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/tacl_a_00642.","journal-title":"Trans Association Comput Linguistics"},{"issue":"2","key":"1711_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s44230-024-00061-7","volume":"4","author":"H Al-Khalifa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al-Khalifa H, Al-Khalefah K, Haroon H. Error analysis of pretrained language models (PLMs) in English-to-Arabic machine translation. Human-Centric Intell Syst. 2024;4(2):206\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44230-024-00061-7.","journal-title":"Human-Centric Intell Syst"},{"key":"1711_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang J, Meng F, Zhou J, Deeptrans. Deep reasoning translation via reinforcement learning. Trans Association Comput Linguistics, 14, 47\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/TACL.a.65.","DOI":"10.1162\/TACL.a.65"},{"key":"1711_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lu Q, Qiu B, Ding L, Zhang K, Kocmi T, Tao D. 2024, August. Error analysis prompting enables human-like translation evaluation in large language models. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2024 (pp. 8801\u20138816). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-acl.520","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-acl.520"},{"issue":"12","key":"1711_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.3390\/info14120638","volume":"14","author":"S Lankford","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lankford S, Afli H, Way A. adaptmllm: Fine-tuning multilingual language models on low-resource languages with integrated LLM playgrounds. Information. 2023;14(12):638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info14120638.","journal-title":"Information"},{"issue":"5","key":"1711_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3390\/info13050245","volume":"13","author":"A Kandimalla","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kandimalla A, Lohar P, Maji SK, Way A. Improving English-to-Indian language neural machine translation systems. Information. 2022;13(5):245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info13050245.","journal-title":"Information"},{"key":"1711_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Feng Z, Zhang Y, Li H, Wu B, Liao J, Liu W, Lang J, Feng Y, Wu J, Liu Z. 2025, April. Tear: Improving llm-based machine translation with systematic self-refinement. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2025 (pp. 3922\u20133938). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2025.findings-naacl.218","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.findings-naacl.218"},{"key":"1711_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72023","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3402360","volume":"12","author":"F Tan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tan F, Wang H. A Semantic Context-Aware Automatic Quality Scoring Method for Machine Translation Based on Pretraining Language Model. IEEE Access. 2024;12:72023\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3402360.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1711_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2024.10.083","volume":"247","author":"W Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu W. Automatic Machine Translation Quality Evaluation Model under Feature Extraction Algorithm. Procedia Comput Sci. 2024;247:689\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2024.10.083.","journal-title":"Procedia Comput Sci"},{"key":"1711_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2024.08.046","volume":"105","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li Y, Wu Y, Zhu G. Automatic rating method based on deep transfer learning for machine translation considering contextual semantic awareness. Alexandria Eng J. 2024;105:588\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aej.2024.08.046.","journal-title":"Alexandria Eng J"},{"issue":"5","key":"1711_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.3390\/app14051925","volume":"14","author":"Y Cui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cui Y, Liang M. Automated scoring of translations with BERT models: Chinese and English language case study. Appl Sci. 2024;14(5):1925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app14051925.","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"1711_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.3390\/info14100574","volume":"14","author":"J Son","year":"2023","unstructured":"Son J, Kim B. Translation performance from the user\u2019s perspective of large language models and neural machine translation systems. Information. 2023;14(10):574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info14100574.","journal-title":"Information"},{"issue":"2","key":"1711_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.3390\/app14020486","volume":"14","author":"D Rakhimova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rakhimova D, Karibayeva A, Turarbek A. The task of post-editing machine translation for a low-resource language. Appl Sci. 2024;14(2):486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app14020486.","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"1711_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6399","DOI":"10.3390\/su14116399","volume":"14","author":"K Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu K, Kwok HL, Liu J, Cheung AK. Sustainability and influence of machine translation: perceptions and attitudes of translation instructors and learners in Hong Kong. Sustainability. 2022;14(11):6399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14116399.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"2","key":"1711_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3390\/soc12020070","volume":"12","author":"V Kirov","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kirov V, Malamin B. Are translators afraid of artificial intelligence? Societies. 2022;12(2):70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/soc12020070.","journal-title":"Societies"},{"issue":"2","key":"1711_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.3390\/app13021201","volume":"13","author":"AL Tonja","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tonja AL, Kolesnikova O, Gelbukh A, Sidorov G. Low-resource neural machine translation improvement using source-side monolingual data. Appl Sci. 2023;13(2):1201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app13021201.","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"19","key":"1711_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6509","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196509","volume":"21","author":"LH Baniata","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baniata LH, Ampomah IK, Park S. A transformer-based neural machine translation model for Arabic dialects that utilizes subword units. Sensors. 2021;21(19):6509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21196509.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"19","key":"1711_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3666","DOI":"10.3390\/math10193666","volume":"10","author":"LH Baniata","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baniata LH, Kang S, Ampomah IK. A reverse positional encoding multi-head attention-based neural machine translation model for Arabic dialects. Mathematics. 2022;10(19):3666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/math10193666.","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"issue":"7","key":"1711_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12071716","volume":"12","author":"S Sharma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sharma S, Diwakar M, Singh P, Singh V, Kadry S, Kim J. Machine translation systems based on classical-statistical-deep-learning approaches. Electronics. 2023;12(7):1716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics12071716.","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"6","key":"1711_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.3390\/info1606044","volume":"16","author":"TA Mohammed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mohammed TA. Evaluating Translation Quality: A Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Machine and LLM-Driven Arabic\u2013English Translations. Information. 2025;16(6):440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info1606044.","journal-title":"Information"},{"issue":"1","key":"1711_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies12010007","volume":"12","author":"JR Gonz\u00e1lez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rodr\u00edguez JR, C\u00f3rdova-Esparza DM, Terven J, Romero-Gonz\u00e1lez JA. Towards a bidirectional Mexican sign language\u2013Spanish translation system: A deep learning approach. Technologies. 2024;12(1):7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/technologies12010007.","journal-title":"Technologies"},{"issue":"3","key":"1711_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1080\/0954898X.2024.2338446","volume":"36","author":"M Gong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gong M. The neural network algorithm-based quality assessment method for university English translation. Network: Comput Neural Syst. 2025;36(3):649\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0954898X.2024.2338446.","journal-title":"Network: Comput Neural Syst"},{"key":"1711_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3533656","author":"X Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang X. Application of Minimax Optimization Mechanism in Chinese-English Machine Translation Quality Estimation. IEEE Access. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3533656.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1711_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/Access-2025-43261","volume":"11","author":"J Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang J, Yu X. Research on automatic evaluation methods for English translation quality integrated with deep learning. IEEE Access. 2023;11:1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/Access-2025-43261.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"}],"container-title":["Discover Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-026-01711-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44163-026-01711-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-026-01711-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:39:17Z","timestamp":1787027957000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44163-026-01711-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1711"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44163-026-01711-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-0809"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-0809","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not Applicable. This research involved computational analysis using publicly available datasets (\n                      \n                      ) and did not include human participants or clinical experimentation. Therefore, ethical approval was not required for this study.Not Applicable. The research did not involve direct participation of human subjects, interviews, or personal data collection. Therefore, consent to participate was not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not Applicable. The manuscript does not contain identifiable personal information or participant-specific data.Therefore, consent for publication was not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"827"}}