{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T17:00:54Z","timestamp":1776445254946,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Comput Intell Syst"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s44196-025-00882-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T12:04:18Z","timestamp":1749816258000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Hybrid DRL-Enhanced ACO-WWO for Efficient Resource Allocation and Load-Balancing in Cloud Computing"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Umesh Kumar","family":"Lilhore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sarita","family":"Simaiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"K. B. V. Brahma","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"V. V. R. Maheswara","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yogesh Kumar","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roobaea","family":"Alroobaea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hamed","family":"Alsufyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Majed","family":"Alsafyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M. D. Monish","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"882_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-024-09950-2","volume":"28","author":"FJ Maldonado Carrascosa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maldonado Carrascosa, F.J., Seddiki, D., Jim\u00e9nez S\u00e1nchez, A., Garc\u00eda Gal\u00e1n, S., Valverde Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, M., Marchewka, A.: Multi-objective optimization of virtual machine migration among cloud data centers. Soft. Comput. 28, 1\u201318 (2024)","journal-title":"Soft. Comput."},{"issue":"3","key":"882_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3390\/pr12030519","volume":"12","author":"AR Khan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khan, A.R.: Dynamic load balancing in cloud computing: optimized RL-based clustering with multi-objective optimized task scheduling. Processes 12(3), 519 (2024)","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"882_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12065-024-00947-2","volume":"17","author":"B Bapuram","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bapuram, B., Subramanian, M., Mahendran, A., Ghafir, I., Ellappan, V., Hamada, M.: Extended water wave optimization (EWWO) technique: a proposed approach for task scheduling in IoMT and healthcare applications. Evol. Intel. 17, 1\u201312 (2024)","journal-title":"Evol. Intel."},{"issue":"3","key":"882_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-023-04099-3","volume":"27","author":"AN Malti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Malti, A.N., Hakem, M., Benmammar, B.: A new hybrid multi-objective optimization algorithm for task scheduling in cloud systems. Clust. Comput. 27(3), 2525\u20132548 (2024)","journal-title":"Clust. Comput."},{"issue":"18","key":"882_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10733","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-024-09636-8","volume":"36","author":"MI Khaleel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khaleel, M.I.: Enhancing the resilience of error-prone computing environments using a hybrid multi-objective optimization algorithm for edge-centric cloud computing systems. Neural Comput. Appl. 36(18), 10733\u201310760 (2024)","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"882_CR6","first-page":"1","volume":"16","author":"AA Mary","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mary, A.A.: Scientific workflow scheduling using adaptive dingo optimization in multi-cloud environment. Int. J. Inf. Technol. 16, 1\u20138 (2024)","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"882_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-023-09201-w","volume":"28","author":"MA Nezafat Tabalvandani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nezafat Tabalvandani, M.A., Hosseini Shirvani, M., Motameni, H.: Reliability-aware web service composition with cost minimization perspective: a multi-objective particle swarm optimization model in multi-cloud scenarios. Soft. Comput. 28(6), 5173\u20135196 (2024)","journal-title":"Soft. Comput."},{"issue":"2","key":"882_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-023-04071-1","volume":"27","author":"G Singh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singh, G., Chaturvedi, A.K.: Hybrid modified particle swarm optimization with genetic algorithm (GA) based workflow scheduling in cloud-fog environment for multi-objective optimization. Clust. Comput. 27(2), 1947\u20131964 (2024)","journal-title":"Clust. Comput."},{"key":"882_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2024.102915","volume":"133","author":"S Gupta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gupta, S., Singh, R.S.: User-defined weight based multi objective task scheduling in the cloud using whale optimization algorithm. Simul. Model. Pract. Theory 133, 102915 (2024)","journal-title":"Simul. Model. Pract. Theory"},{"issue":"2","key":"882_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-023-04018-6","volume":"27","author":"DA Amer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Amer, D.A., Attiya, G., Ziedan, I.: An efficient multi-objective scheduling algorithm based on spider monkey and ant colony optimization in cloud computing. Clust. Comput. 27(2), 1799\u20131819 (2024)","journal-title":"Clust. Comput."},{"issue":"16","key":"882_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.31449\/inf.v48i16.5741","volume":"48","author":"Y Mehor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mehor, Y., Rebbah, M., Smail, O.: Energy-aware Scheduling of Tasks in Cloud Computing. Informatica 48(16), 125\u2013136 (2024)","journal-title":"Informatica"},{"issue":"15","key":"882_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-024-06315-2","volume":"80","author":"P Shukla","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shukla, P., Pandey, S.: MOTORS: multi-objective task offloading and resource scheduling algorithm for heterogeneous fog-cloud computing scenario. J. Supercomput. 80(15), 22315\u201322361 (2024)","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"882_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358486","DOI":"10.3389\/fdata.2024.1358486","volume":"7","author":"M Saad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saad, M., Enam, R.N., Qureshi, R.: Optimizing multi-objective task scheduling in fog computing with GA-PSO algorithm for big data application. Front. Big Data 7, 1358486 (2024)","journal-title":"Front. Big Data"},{"key":"882_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76939","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3192628","volume":"10","author":"A Pradhan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pradhan, A., Bisoy, S.K., Kautish, S., Jasser, M.B., Mohamed, A.W.: Intelligent decision-making of load balancing using deep reinforcement learning and parallel PSO in cloud environment. IEEE Access 10, 76939\u201376952 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"15","key":"882_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.4912","volume":"34","author":"N Rikhtegar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rikhtegar, N., Bushehrian, O., Keshtgari, M.: DeepRLB: a deep reinforcement learning-based load balancing in data center networks. Int. J. Commun. Syst. 34(15), e4912 (2021)","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Syst."},{"issue":"6","key":"882_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2021.3116863","volume":"33","author":"Q Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Xia, T., Cheng, L., Van Eijk, M., Ozcelebi, T., Mao, Y.: Deep reinforcement learning for load-balancing aware network control in IoT edge systems. IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 33(6), 1491\u20131502 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"882_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.54660\/.IJMRGE.2025.6.1.26-35","volume":"6","author":"AO Akinade","year":"2025","unstructured":"Akinade, A.O., Adepoju, P.A., Ige, A.B., Afolabi, A.I.: Cloud security challenges and solutions: a review of current best practices. Int. J. Multidiscip. Res. Growth Eval. 6(1), 26\u201335 (2025)","journal-title":"Int. J. Multidiscip. Res. Growth Eval."},{"issue":"3","key":"882_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2022.3223869","volume":"11","author":"A Taghinezhad-Niar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Taghinezhad-Niar, A., Taheri, J.: Reliability, rental-cost and energy-aware multi-workflow scheduling on multi-cloud systems. IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput. 11(3), 2681\u20132692 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput."},{"issue":"2023","key":"882_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2023.02.004","volume":"176","author":"Z Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Han, L., Liu, J., Robert, Y., Vivien, F.: Energy-aware mapping and scheduling strategies for real-time workflows under reliability constraints. J. Parallel Distrib. Comput. 176(2023), 1\u201316 (2023)","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"issue":"2","key":"882_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-08263-z","volume":"119","author":"R Medara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Medara, R., Singh, R.S.: Energy efficient and reliability aware workflow task scheduling in cloud environment. Wireless Pers. Commun. 119(2), 1301\u20131320 (2021)","journal-title":"Wireless Pers. Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"882_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6917","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-023-05714-1","volume":"80","author":"Y Cheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cheng, Y., Cao, Z., Zhang, X., Cao, Q., Zhang, D.: Multi objective dynamic task scheduling optimization algorithm based on deep reinforcement learning. J. Supercomput. 80(5), 6917\u20136945 (2024)","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"882_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11390","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3241279","volume":"11","author":"MS Al Reshan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al Reshan, M.S., Syed, D., Islam, N., Shaikh, A., Hamdi, M., Elmagzoub, M.A., Muhammad, G., Talpur, K.H.: A fast converging and globally optimized approach for load balancing in cloud computing. IEEE Access 11, 11390\u201311404 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"10","key":"882_CR23","first-page":"611","volume":"45","author":"K Geeta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Geeta, K., Kamakshi Prasad, V.: Multi-objective cloud load-balancing with hybrid optimization. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 45(10), 611\u2013625 (2023)","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"882_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17803","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3149955","volume":"10","author":"B Kruekaew","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kruekaew, B., Kimpan, W.: Multi-objective task scheduling optimization for load balancing in cloud computing environment using hybrid artificial bee colony algorithm with reinforcement learning. IEEE Access 10, 17803\u201317818 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"11","key":"882_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4951","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-020-01768-8","volume":"11","author":"FM Talaat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Talaat, F.M., Saraya, M.S., Saleh, A.I., Ali, H.A., Ali, S.H.: A load balancing and optimization strategy (LBOS) using reinforcement learning in fog computing environment. J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput. 11(11), 4951\u20134966 (2020)","journal-title":"J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"issue":"8","key":"882_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1080\/01969722.2022.2145656","volume":"54","author":"KV Kumar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumar, K.V., Rajesh, A.: Multi-objective load balancing in cloud computing: a meta-heuristic approach. Cybern. Syst. 54(8), 1466\u20131493 (2023)","journal-title":"Cybern. Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"882_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51466-0","volume":"14","author":"S Simaiya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Simaiya, S., Lilhore, U.K., Sharma, Y.K., Rao, K.B., Maheswara Rao, V.V.R., Baliyan, A., Bijalwan, A., Alroobaea, R.: A hybrid cloud load balancing and host utilization prediction method using deep learning and optimization techniques. Sci. Rep. 14(1), 1337 (2024)","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"882_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-023-00453-3","volume":"12","author":"J Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Lilhore, U.K., Hai, T., Simaiya, S., Jawawi, D.N., Alsekait, D., Ahuja, S., Biamba, C., Hamdi, M.: Comparative analysis of metaheuristic load balancing algorithms for efficient load balancing in cloud computing. J. Cloud Comput. 12(1), 85 (2023)","journal-title":"J. Cloud Comput."},{"issue":"1","key":"882_CR29","first-page":"411","volume":"42","author":"T Bezdan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bezdan, T., Zivkovic, M., Bacanin, N., Strumberger, I., Tuba, E., Tuba, M.: Multi-objective task scheduling in cloud computing environment by hybridized bat algorithm. J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst. 42(1), 411\u2013423 (2022)","journal-title":"J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst."},{"issue":"7","key":"882_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2021.02.007","volume":"34","author":"DA Shafiq","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shafiq, D.A., Jhanjhi, N.Z., Abdullah, A.: Load balancing techniques in cloud computing environment: a review. J. King Saud Univ.-Comput. Inf. Sci. 34(7), 3910\u20133933 (2022)","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ.-Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"882_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashalatha, R., Agarkhed, J.: Dynamic load balancing methods for resource optimization in cloud computing environment, In: 2015 Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON), pp. 1\u20136, IEEE (2015).","DOI":"10.1109\/INDICON.2015.7443148"},{"issue":"25","key":"882_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.7252","volume":"34","author":"AN Malti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Malti, A.N., Hakem, M., Benmammar, B.: Multi-objective task scheduling in cloud computing. Concurr. Comput.: Practice Exp. 34(25), e7252 (2022)","journal-title":"Concurr. Comput.: Practice Exp."},{"issue":"6","key":"882_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3803","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-022-03786-x","volume":"26","author":"S Mangalampalli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mangalampalli, S., Karri, G.R., Kumar, M.: Multi objective task scheduling algorithm in cloud computing using grey wolf optimization. Clust. Comput. 26(6), 3803\u20133822 (2023)","journal-title":"Clust. Comput."},{"issue":"3","key":"882_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2019.2960088","volume":"14","author":"X Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, X., Cheng, L., Liu, C., Liu, Q., Liu, J., Mao, Y., Murphy, J.: A WOA-based optimization approach for task scheduling in cloud computing systems. IEEE Syst. J. 14(3), 3117\u20133128 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"882_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2019.02.010","volume":"34","author":"A Kaur","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaur, A., Kaur, B.: Load balancing optimization based on hybrid heuristic-metaheuristic techniques in cloud environment. J. King Saud Univ.-Compu. Inf. Sci. 34(3), 813\u2013824 (2022)","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ.-Compu. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"882_CR36","volume":"38","author":"S Janakiraman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Janakiraman, S., Priya, M.D.: Hybrid grey wolf and improved particle swarm optimization with adaptive inertial weight-based multi-dimensional learning strategy for load balancing in cloud environments. Sustain. Comput.: Inf. Syst. 38, 100875 (2023)","journal-title":"Sustain. Comput.: Inf. Syst."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44196-025-00882-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44196-025-00882-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44196-025-00882-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T12:04:20Z","timestamp":1749816260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44196-025-00882-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["882"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44196-025-00882-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-6883"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-6883","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 June 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data Availability"}}],"article-number":"148"}}