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This study integrates the Threat and Error Management (TEM) framework with complex network theory to construct a Flight Operation Hazard Network (FOHN) based on 260 aviation occurrence reports. The FOHN, comprising 120 nodes (hazards) and 208 edges (causal links), exhibits unique structural characteristics: a low clustering coefficient (0.03), long average path length (4.20), and an exponential degree distribution (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.994), confirming the absence of small-world and scale-free properties. These features reflect aviation\u2019s defense-in-depth strategy, where sparse connectivity aims to isolate hazards. Analysis of the FOHN\u2019s response to simulated hazard mitigation reveals its relative stability against non-targeted hazard removal but significant disruption when critical high-betweenness hazards are targeted for mitigation. 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By proposing actionable enhancements grounded in these network findings\u2014including resilience-augmented training, flight data-driven risk prioritization, and regulatory updates\u2014this work provides a network-centric framework to address \u201cblack swan\u201d risks in modern aviation systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44196-025-00935-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]],"date-time":"2025-07-27T02:34:40Z","timestamp":1753583680000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Unveiling Flight Operation Hazards\u2019 Interrelation via TEM Model and Network Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaoning","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruishan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"935_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pubrev.2021.102120","volume":"47","author":"SD Butler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Butler, S.D.: Impacted publics\u2019 perceptions of crisis communication decision making. 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