{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T02:02:16Z","timestamp":1781056936749,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777161600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":45,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFC3014400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC3014400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["25CAFUC07002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25CAFUC07002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Civil Aviation Safety Capacity Construction Foundation","award":["MHAQ2025007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MHAQ2025007"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2333210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2333210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72171182 and 72031009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72171182 and 72031009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Comput Intell Syst"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s44196-026-01331-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T06:55:26Z","timestamp":1777186526000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Three-Dimensional Response-Surface Modeling and Its Application In Quantifying Canopy Interception and Ground Deposition During Aerial Firefighting"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yan-Zhao","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng-Hua","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Hua","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan-Ki","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen-Song","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"1331_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"WF23138","DOI":"10.1071\/WF23138","volume":"33","author":"M Peace","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peace, M., McCaw, L.: Future fire events are likely to be worse than climate projections indicate-these are some of the reasons why. Int. J. Wildland Fire. 33, WF23138 (2024)","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"issue":"9","key":"1331_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.3390\/f14091797","volume":"14","author":"X Jing","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jing, X., Zhang, D., Li, X., Zhang, W., Zhang, Z.: Prediction of forest fire occurrence in Southwestern China. Forests. 14(9), 1797 (2023)","journal-title":"Forests"},{"issue":"8","key":"1331_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1071\/WF13040","volume":"22","author":"MP Plucinski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Plucinski, M.P., Pastor, E.: Criteria and methodology for evaluating aerial wildfire suppression. Int. J. Wildland Fire. 22(8), 1144\u20131154 (2013)","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"issue":"1327","key":"1331_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1017\/aer.2024.29","volume":"128","author":"A Struminska","year":"2024","unstructured":"Struminska, A., Filippone, A.: Flight performance analysis of aerial firefighting. Aeronaut. J. 128(1327), 1895\u20131923 (2024)","journal-title":"Aeronaut. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"1331_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1071\/WF13031","volume":"23","author":"DE Calkin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Calkin, D.E., Stonesifer, C.S., Thompson, M.P., McHugh, C.W.: Large airtanker use and outcomes in suppressing wildland fires in the United States. Int. J. Wildland Fire. 23(2), 259\u2013271 (2014)","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"1331_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-fluid-121021-041642","volume":"56","author":"L Dominique","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dominique, L.: Fluid dynamics of airtanker firefighting. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 56, 577\u2013603 (2024)","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"1331_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Nuyttens, D., Lu, D., et al.: Airflow characteristics of a spray UAV and its effect on spray droplet transportation. Engenharia Agricola, 43(6), e20230041. (2023)","DOI":"10.1590\/1809-4430-eng.agric.v43n6e20230041\/2023"},{"key":"1331_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1071\/WF09122","volume":"20","author":"JH Amorim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Amorim, J.H.: Numerical modelling of the aerial drop of firefighting agents by fixed-wing aircraft. Part I: model development. Int. J. Wildland Fire. 20, 384\u2013393 (2011)","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"issue":"3","key":"1331_CR9","first-page":"83","volume":"37","author":"Y Tian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tian, Y.: Research on numerical simulation method of large firefighting aircraft water-dropping process. Flight Dynamics. 37(3), 83\u201386 (2019)","journal-title":"Flight Dynamics"},{"key":"1331_CR10","unstructured":"Yang, K., Wen, Q., Cheng, Z., Jia, Z.: Preliminary study on wind tunnel test of amphibious aircraft dropping water. In: S. Fu (Ed.), 2023 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Aerospace Technology (APISAT 2023) Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering,) Springer.1050, 1\u201312 (2024)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1331_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.35784\/acs-2023-24","volume":"19","author":"Z Czy\u017c","year":"2023","unstructured":"Czy\u017c, Z., Karpi\u0144ski, P., Skiba, K., Bartkowski, S.: Numerical calculations of water drop using a firefighting aircraft. Appl. Comput. Sci. 19(3), 47\u201363 (2023)","journal-title":"Appl. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"1331_CR12","unstructured":"Gatkal, N.R., Nalawade, S.M., Bhanage, G.B., Sahni, R.K., Walunj, A.A., Kadam, P.B., Ali, M.: Review of UAVs for efficient agrochemical spray application. Int. J. Agricultural Biol. Eng., 18(1), 1-9 (2025)"},{"key":"1331_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1007\/s10694-021-01130-0","volume":"57","author":"H Shrigondekar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shrigondekar, H., Chowdhury, A., Prabhu, S.V.: Performance by various water mist nozzles in extinguishing liquid pool fires. Fire Technol. 57, 2553\u20132581 (2021)","journal-title":"Fire Technol."},{"key":"1331_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2024.03.007","volume":"240","author":"J Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Chen, Q., Liu, J., Wang, Y.: Experiments and CFD simulation of downwash airflow and fog distribution discharged from a single-rotor UAV fitted with a pulse-jet thermal fogging machine. Biosyst. Eng. 240, 142\u2013151 (2024)","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"1331_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., Bai, Y., Feng, J.: The redistribution of rainfall in mixed coniferous\u2013broadleaf forests: The combined effect of rainfall characteristics and stand structure. Trees, Forests and People. 100989 (2025)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tfp.2025.100989"},{"issue":"1","key":"1331_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3390\/f14010144","volume":"14","author":"DG Fischer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fischer, D.G., Vieira, S.T., Jayakaran, A.D.: Distinct rainfall interception profiles among four common Pacific Northwest tree species. Forests. 14(1), 144 (2023)","journal-title":"Forests"},{"issue":"2","key":"1331_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.30560\/ijas.v8n2p50","volume":"8","author":"D Liang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liang, D., Dong, T., Wang, S.: Optimisation of spraying parameters for boom sprayers. Int. J. Appl. Sci. 8(2), 50 (2025)","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"1331_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12020131","volume":"12","author":"D Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, D., Xu, S., Li, Z., Cao, W.: Analysis of the influence of parameters of a spraying system designed for UAV application on the spraying quality based on Box-Behnken response surface method. Agriculture. 12(2), 131 (2022)","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"1331_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2025.113352","volume":"173","author":"Q Yi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yi, Q., Hou, S., Dou, X., Gao, Y., Li, Z.: Analysis and simulation of interception characteristics of broad-leaved forest canopy based on parameter optimization: Dianchi basin case. Ecol. Ind. 173, 113352 (2025)","journal-title":"Ecol. Ind."},{"key":"1331_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2020.105468","volume":"174","author":"Q Tang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tang, Q., Zhang, R., Chen, L., Deng, W., Xu, M., Xu, G., Li, L., Hewitt, A.: Numerical simulation of the downwash flow field and droplet movement from an unmanned helicopter for crop spraying. Comput. Electron. Agric. 174, 105468 (2020)","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"issue":"11","key":"1331_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2007.01.003","volume":"22","author":"D Calogine","year":"2007","unstructured":"Calogine, D., Rimbert, N., S\u00e9ro-Guillaume, O.: Modelling of the deposition of retardant in a tree crown during fire fighting. Environ. Model. Softw. 22(11), 1654\u20131666 (2007)","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"1331_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atech.2024.100694","volume":"9","author":"JE Silva","year":"2024","unstructured":"Silva, J.E., da Silva, W.H.B., Ferraz, M.A.J., et al.: Impact of spray volume and flight speed on the efficiency of drone applications in coffee plants of different ages. Smart Agricultural Technol. 9, 100694 (2024)","journal-title":"Smart Agricultural Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"1331_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20231601.6581","volume":"16","author":"L Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, L., Yang, Z., Huang, Z., et al.: Effects of flight parameters for plant protection UAV on droplets deposition rate based on a 3D simulation approach. Int. J. Agricultural Biol. Eng. 16(1), 66\u201372 (2023)","journal-title":"Int. J. Agricultural Biol. Eng."},{"key":"1331_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2024.106835","volume":"184","author":"C Shan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shan, C., Xue, C., Zhang, L., Song, C., Kaousar, R., Wang, G., Lan, Y.: Effects of different spray parameters of plant protection UAV on the deposition characteristics of droplets in apple trees. Crop Prot. 184, 106835 (2024)","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"issue":"3","key":"1331_CR25","first-page":"57","volume":"10","author":"YJ Zheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zheng, Y.J., Yang, S., Zhao, C.J., Chen, L.P., Lan, Y.B., Tan, Y.: Modelling operation parameters of UAV on spray effects at different growth stages of corns. Int. J. Agricultural Biol. Eng. 10(3), 57\u201366 (2017)","journal-title":"Int. J. Agricultural Biol. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"1331_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15040781","volume":"15","author":"X Xue","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xue, X., Bu, M., Li, Z., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Ye, W., Huang, C., Lyu, S.: Research on the application effect and parameter optimization of 3HW36 mountain orchard rail-mounted wind-driven plant protection equipment in fruit tree canopy. Agronomy. 15(4), 781 (2025)","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"issue":"2","key":"1331_CR27","first-page":"56","volume":"3","author":"D Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, D., Wang, M., Si, L., Zhao, F., Shu, L.: Study on tree species selection of biological fire barrier in Sichuan Province. Terr. Ecosyst. Conserv. 3(2), 56\u201368 (2023)","journal-title":"Terr. Ecosyst. Conserv."},{"issue":"5","key":"1331_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24044","DOI":"10.14214\/sf.24044","volume":"58","author":"S Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Korhonen, L., Nummenmaa, T., Bianchi, S., Maltamo, M.: How to implement the data collection of leaf area index by means of citizen science and forest gamification? Silva Fennica. 58(5), 24044 (2024)","journal-title":"Silva Fennica"},{"key":"1331_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xiong, S., Shi, Y., Chow, W., et al.: Vegetation-Droplet Effects on Canopy Interception and Ground Deposition in Aerial Application of Fire-extinguishing Agent, preprint (2025) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8145969\/v1","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8145969\/v1"},{"key":"1331_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s44196-025-01143-5","volume":"19","author":"R Kalaivani","year":"2026","unstructured":"Kalaivani, R., Bharathi, A.: DSXNet: A Cutting-Edge Hybrid Model for Accurate Chronic Kidney Disease Detection and Classification. Int. J. Comput. Intell. Syst. 19, 61 (2026)","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Intell. Syst."},{"issue":"6","key":"1331_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.19087","volume":"72","author":"JH Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim, J.H.: Multicollinearity and misleading statistical results. Korean J. Anesthesiology. 72(6), 558\u2013569 (2019)","journal-title":"Korean J. Anesthesiology"},{"key":"1331_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-025-06818-4","volume":"7","author":"P Das","year":"2025","unstructured":"Das, P., Afroz, F., Rahman, M.H., et al.: Comparison of two measures of relative importance of predictors in logistic regression. Discover Appl. Sci. 7, 352 (2025)","journal-title":"Discover Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"1331_CR33","first-page":"1","volume":"17","author":"U Groemping","year":"2006","unstructured":"Groemping, U.: Relative importance for linear regression in R: The package relaimpo. J. Stat. Softw. 17(1), 1\u201327 (2006)","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"1331_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-23989-7","volume":"15","author":"X Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, X., Wu, H.: Data-augmented machine learning for personalized carbohydrate-protein supplement recommendation for endurance. Sci. Rep. 15, 40181 (2025)","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1331_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119728","volume":"264","author":"D Tom","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tom, D., Michael, E., Anwar, O.: Feature-space selection with banded ridge regression. NeuroImage. 264, 119728 (2022)","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1331_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.2991\/ijcis.11.1.22","volume":"11","author":"R Oscar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oscar, R., Alberto, C., Habib, M.: A locally weighted learning method based on a data gravitation model for multi-target regression. Int. J. Comput. Intell. Syst. 11, 282\u2013295 (2018)","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Intell. Syst."},{"issue":"2","key":"1331_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1177\/09622802221133557","volume":"32","author":"S Friedrich","year":"2023","unstructured":"Friedrich, S., Maffei, M., Boulesteix, A.-L.: Regularization approaches in clinical biostatistics: A review of methods and their implementation. Stat. Methods Med. Res. 32(2), 425\u2013440 (2023)","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"1331_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.2991\/ijcis.d.201014.001","volume":"13","author":"A Parnianifard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parnianifard, A., Chancharoen, R., Phanomchoeng, G., et al.: A new approach for low-dimensional constrained engineering design optimization using design and analysis of simulation experiments. Int. J. Comput. Intell. Syst. 13(1), 1663\u20131678 (2020)","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Intell. Syst."},{"issue":"2","key":"1331_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70202109","volume":"7","author":"J Hernandez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hernandez, J., et al.: Using Ridge Regression Models to Estimate Grain Yield from Field Spectral Data in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Grown under Three Water Regimes. Remote Sens. 7(2), 2109\u20132129 (2015)","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"1331_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3389\/fbuil.2020.00138","volume":"6","author":"A Taghinezhad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Taghinezhad, A., Ukkusuri, S., Bedient, P.B.: An Imputation of First-Floor Elevation Data for the Avoided Flood Loss Model Using Random Forest and LASSO Regression. Front. Built Environ. 6, 138 (2020)","journal-title":"Front. Built Environ."},{"key":"1331_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2017.11.003","volume":"120","author":"C Bergmeir","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bergmeir, C., Hyndman, R.J., Koo, B.: A note on the validity of cross-validation for evaluating autoregressive time series prediction. Comput. Stat. Data Anal. 120, 70\u201383 (2018)","journal-title":"Comput. Stat. Data Anal."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44196-026-01331-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44196-026-01331-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44196-026-01331-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T01:54:16Z","timestamp":1781056456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44196-026-01331-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1331"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44196-026-01331-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-6883"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-6883","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 April 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 April 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The corresponding authors of this paper, Sheng-Hua Xiong and Zhen-Song Chen, serve as the Area Editors of International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"During the preparation of this work the authors used ChatGPT in order to improve the fluency and readability of the language.\u00a0After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and takes full responsibility for the contentof the publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Generative AI and AI-Assisted Technologies In the Writing Process"}}],"article-number":"225"}}