{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T04:08:44Z","timestamp":1777954124299,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 72243010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 72243010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the National Social Science Fund of China","award":["No.19ZDA083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.19ZDA083"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Comput Intell Syst"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s44196-026-01337-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T15:27:21Z","timestamp":1777562841000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Debt Risk Transmission Mechanism of Local Government Financing Vehicles: Evidence from National-Level Data and an SVAR Model"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Debin","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"1337_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, K.J., Chen, Z.S.: Leveraging Multi-source Data for Local Government Financing Vehicles Debt Risk Assessment Via Random Forests. Int. J. Comput. Intell. Syst. 18(1) (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44196-025-00778-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s44196-025-00778-8"},{"key":"1337_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bao, H.X.H., Wang, Z.Y., Wu, R.L.: Understanding local government debt financing of infrastructure projects in China: Evidence based on accounting data from local government financing vehicles. Land. Use Policy. 136 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.landusepol.2023.106964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2023.106964"},{"key":"1337_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jin, C., Jin, W., Zhen, X., Wang, C.: Financial cycle and corporate innovation in China. Macroeconomics. 333\u201350 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16304\/j.cnki.11-3952\/f.2024.03.003","DOI":"10.16304\/j.cnki.11-3952\/f.2024.03.003"},{"key":"1337_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kong, W., Sharma, S.S., Zhao, X.X., Shi, Y.B.: The rescue effect of local government financing vehicles on real estate enterprises in China. Pac.-Basin Financ. J. 91 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pacfin.2025.102744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacfin.2025.102744"},{"key":"1337_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, P., Yi, X., Zhang, C., Bale\u017eentis, T.: Indispensable Source of Risk Contagion With Big Data Analysis From a More Comprehensive View on Shadow Banking. J. Global Inform. Manage. 32(1) (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/JGIM.339190","DOI":"10.4018\/JGIM.339190"},{"key":"1337_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mao, R., Liu, N., Liu, R.: The expansion of local government debt and the mechanism of systemic financial risk triggering. China Industrial Econ. 419\u201338 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19581\/j.cnki.ciejournal.2018.04.002","DOI":"10.19581\/j.cnki.ciejournal.2018.04.002"},{"issue":"3","key":"1337_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.13821\/j.cnki.ceq.2021.03.06","volume":"21","author":"L Niu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Niu, L., Xia, H., Xu, X.: The provincial risk measurement and network spillover risk of local debt in China. China Economic Q. 21(3), 863\u2013888 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13821\/j.cnki.ceq.2021.03.06","journal-title":"China Economic Q."},{"key":"1337_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, L., Luo, Z.C., Wang, W.Y.: Risk Contagion of Local Government Implicit Debt Integrating Complex Network and Multi-Subject Coordination. Sustainability. 15(21) (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su152115332","DOI":"10.3390\/su152115332"},{"key":"1337_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhu, J., Zhu, M., Yang, Z.: The financialization of local government debt in China and its risk transmission to commercial banks. Econ. Model. 133 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.econmod.2024.106687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econmod.2024.106687"},{"key":"1337_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.19581\/j.cnki.ciejournal.2023.08.002","volume":"8","author":"Y Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Zhang, H.: Mechanism of debt risk transmission of local government financing platforms and policy responses. China Industrial Econ. 8, 42\u201360 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19581\/j.cnki.ciejournal.2023.08.002","journal-title":"China Industrial Econ."},{"issue":"7","key":"1337_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2824","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer16070155","volume":"16","author":"R Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun, R., He, D., Su, H.: Evolutionary game analysis of blockchain technology preventing supply chain financial risks. J. Theoretical Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 16(7), 2824\u20132842 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jtaer16070155","journal-title":"J. Theoretical Appl. Electron. Commer. Res."},{"key":"1337_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Li, Y., Feng, C., Gong, C., Tan, H.: Early Warning of Systemic Financial Risk of Local Government Implicit Debt Based on BP Neural Network Model. Systems. 10(6) (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems10060207","DOI":"10.3390\/systems10060207"},{"key":"1337_CR13","first-page":"199","volume":"10","author":"D Zhu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhu, D., Xu, M., Liu, Z.: Local government debt and enterprise financial risk: Based on the empirical evidence of A-share listed companies. China Soft Sci. 10, 199\u2013211 (2024)","journal-title":"China Soft Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"1337_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1111\/jofi.12124","volume":"69","author":"N Gennaioli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gennaioli, N., Martin, A., Rossi, S.: Sovereign Default, Domestic Banks, and Financial Institutions. J. Finance. 69(2), 819\u2013866 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jofi.12124","journal-title":"J. Finance"},{"issue":"5","key":"1337_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20161107","volume":"106","author":"MK Brunnermeier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brunnermeier, M.K., Garicano, L., Lane, P.R., Pagano, M., Reis, R., Santos, T., Vayanos, D.: The Sovereign-Bank Diabolic Loop and ESBies. Am. Econ. Rev. 106(5), 508\u2013512 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aer.p20161107","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"1337_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2009.12.001","volume":"205","author":"E Balibek","year":"2010","unstructured":"Balibek, E., K\u00f6ksalan, M.: A multi-objective multi-period stochastic programming model for public debt management. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 205(1), 205\u2013217 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejor.2009.12.001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"1337_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Walker, T., Zhang, X., Zhang, A., Wang, Y.: Fact or fiction: Implicit government guarantees in China\u2019s corporate bond market. J. Int. Money Finance. 116 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jimonfin.2021.102414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jimonfin.2021.102414"},{"key":"1337_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rachedi, O., Saadi, V.: Bank municipal bond holdings and mortgage lending standards. J. Corp. Finance. 98 (2026). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcorpfin.2026.102968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcorpfin.2026.102968"},{"key":"1337_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rojas, L.E., Thaler, D.: The bright side of the doom loop: Banks\u2019 sovereign exposure and default incentives. Eur. Econ. Rev. 170 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2024.104876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2024.104876"},{"key":"1337_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, X.M., Liu, Z., Peng, Y.C., Xu, Z.W.: The crowding-in effects of local government debt in China. J. Monet. Econ. 159 (2026). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2026.103922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2026.103922"},{"issue":"9","key":"1337_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1108\/ecam-02-2020-0103","volume":"28","author":"I Akomea-Frimpong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akomea-Frimpong, I., Jin, X.H., Osei-Kyei, R.: A holistic review of research studies on financial risk management in public-private partnership projects. Eng. Constr. Architectural Manage. 28(9), 2549\u20132569 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ecam-02-2020-0103","journal-title":"Eng. Constr. Architectural Manage."},{"key":"1337_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mi, C.: Theoretical basis and motivation of local government investment and financing vehicles in China. Journal Manage. World. 3168\u2013169 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19744\/j.cnki.11-1235\/f.2011.03.019","DOI":"10.19744\/j.cnki.11-1235\/f.2011.03.019"},{"issue":"4","key":"1337_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/20954816.2022.2055814","volume":"11","author":"ZG Qiu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qiu, Z.G., Sun, X., Wu, L.J., Jia, D., Wang, Z.Y.: The 2018 new asset management regulation and LGFV bonds in China. Economic Political Studies-Eps. 11(4), 469\u2013493 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20954816.2022.2055814","journal-title":"Economic Political Studies-Eps"},{"key":"1337_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao, R., Tian, Y., Lei, A., Boadu, F., Ren, Z.: The effect of local government debt on regional economic growth in China: A nonlinear relationship approach. Sustainability. 11(11) (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su11113065","DOI":"10.3390\/su11113065"},{"key":"1337_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Liu, J.: Identifying Robust Policy Portfolios for Advancing the SDGs in China: An Integrated MADM Approach. Int. J. Comput. Intell. Syst. 19(1) (2026). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44196-026-01240-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s44196-026-01240-z"},{"issue":"1","key":"1337_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0262.00273","volume":"70","author":"JS Bai","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bai, J.S., Ng, S.: Determining the number of factors in approximate factor models. Econometrica. 70(1), 191\u2013221 (2002). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1468-0262.00273","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"1","key":"1337_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2007.10.002","volume":"75","author":"MA Kose","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kose, M.A., Otrok, C., Whiteman, C.H.: Understanding the evolution of world business cycles. J. Int. Econ. 75(1), 110\u2013130 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinteco.2007.10.002","journal-title":"J. Int. Econ."},{"issue":"2","key":"1337_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1214\/12-aos970","volume":"40","author":"C Lam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lam, C., Yao, Q.W.: Factor modeling for high-dimensional time series: Inference for the number of factors. Ann. Stat. 40(2), 694\u2013726 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1214\/12-aos970","journal-title":"Ann. Stat."},{"issue":"2","key":"1337_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asn009","volume":"95","author":"J Pan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pan, J., Yao, Q.: Modelling multiple time series via common factors. Biometrika. 95(2), 365\u2013379 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biomet\/asn009","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"1337_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbankfin.2014.01.030","volume":"42","author":"A Alter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alter, A., Beyer, A.: The dynamics of spillover effects during the European sovereign debt turmoil. J. Banking Finance. 42, 134\u2013153 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbankfin.2014.01.030","journal-title":"J. Banking Finance"},{"issue":"3","key":"1337_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2011.12.010","volume":"104","author":"M Billio","year":"2012","unstructured":"Billio, M., Getmansky, M., Lo, A.W., Pelizzon, L.: Econometric measures of connectedness and systemic risk in the finance and insurance sectors. J. Financ. Econ. 104(3), 535\u2013559 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfineco.2011.12.010","journal-title":"J. Financ. Econ."},{"issue":"534","key":"1337_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2008.02208.x","volume":"119","author":"FX Diebold","year":"2009","unstructured":"Diebold, F.X., Yilmaz, K.: Measuring financial asset return and volatility spillovers, with application to global equity markets. Econ. J. 119(534), 158\u2013171 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2008.02208.x","journal-title":"Econ. J."},{"issue":"10","key":"1337_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2013.1706","volume":"59","author":"J Yang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yang, J., Zhou, Y.G.: Credit Risk Spillovers Among Financial Institutions Around the Global Credit Crisis: Firm-Level Evidence. Manage. Sci. 59(10), 2343\u20132359 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/mnsc.2013.1706","journal-title":"Manage. Sci."},{"key":"1337_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Lin, B.: Managing Dynamic Information Transition Between the Semiconductor Cycle and China\u2019s Coal-Electricity Market. J. Global Inform. Manage. 33(1) (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/JGIM.373581","DOI":"10.4018\/JGIM.373581"},{"key":"1337_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, X.H., Zhang, L.F., Wang, J.Z., Liu, Z.K., Niu, X.S.: Profit-oriented loan default prediction for the financial industry: a fusion framework with interpretability. Financial Innov. 12(1) (2026). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40854-025-00796-7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40854-025-00796-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"1337_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.2991\/ijcis.d.191025.001","volume":"12","author":"M Haseeb","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haseeb, M., Sasmoko, Mihardjo, L.W.W., Gill, A.R., Jermsittiparsert, K.: Economic Impact of Artificial Intelligence: New Look for the Macroeconomic Assessment in Asia-Pacific Region. Int. J. Comput. Intell. Syst. 12(2), 1295\u20131310 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2991\/ijcis.d.191025.001","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"1337_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kahveci, E., Gurgur, T.: Digital Payments and Sustainable Economic Growth: Transmission Mechanisms and Evidence from an Emerging Economy, Turkey. J. Theoretical Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 20(2) (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jtaer20020142","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer20020142"},{"issue":"4","key":"1337_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12874","volume":"38","author":"J Nassios","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nassios, J., Giesecke, J.A.: Informing Ex Ante Event Studies with Macro-Econometric Evidence on the Structural and Policy Impacts of Terrorism. Risk Anal. 38(4), 804\u2013825 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/risa.12874","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"1337_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yan, C., Li, H.X., Li, Z.G.: Environmental pollution and economic growth: Evidence of SO2 emissions and GDP in China. Front. Public. Health. 10 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.930780","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.930780"},{"key":"1337_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peppel-Srebrny, J.: Not all government budget deficits are created equal: Evidence from advanced economies\u2019 sovereign bond markets. J. Int. Money Finance. 118 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jimonfin.2021.102460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jimonfin.2021.102460"},{"issue":"3","key":"1337_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s10368-021-00520-7","volume":"19","author":"P Jakubik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jakubik, P., Kadioglu, E.: Factors affecting bank loan quality: a panel analysis of emerging markets. Int. Econ. Economic Policy. 19(3), 437\u2013458 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10368-021-00520-7","journal-title":"Int. Econ. Economic Policy"},{"key":"1337_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, Y., Li, M., Li, J.: Bank\u2013FinTech, credit allocation and enterprises\u2019 short-term debt for long-term use. China Industrial Econ. 10137\u2013154 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19581\/j.cnki.ciejournal.2022.10.008","DOI":"10.19581\/j.cnki.ciejournal.2022.10.008"},{"issue":"3","key":"1337_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13776","volume":"42","author":"C Mio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mio, C., Agostini, M., Panfilo, S.: Bank Risk Appetite Communication and Risk Taking: The Key Role of Integrated Reports. Risk Anal. 42(3), 634\u2013652 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/risa.13776","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"1337_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, H.J., Mao, K.Y., Wu, W.T., Luo, H.H.: Fintech inputs, non-performing loans risk reduction and bank performance improvement. Int. Rev. Financial Anal. 90 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.irfa.2023.102849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irfa.2023.102849"},{"key":"1337_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ally, O.J., Kulindwa, Y.J., Mataba, L.: Financial technology and credit risk management: the case of non-performing loans in Tanzanian banks. Cogent Econ. Finance. 13(1) (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23322039.2025.2459188","DOI":"10.1080\/23322039.2025.2459188"},{"key":"1337_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iref.2020.06.021","volume":"69","author":"XQ Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, X.Q., Wang, Z.W.: Marketization vs. market chase: Insights from implicit government guarantees. Int. Rev. Econ. Finance. 69, 435\u2013455 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iref.2020.06.021","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Econ. Finance"},{"issue":"1","key":"1337_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3846\/ijspm.2020.13834","volume":"25","author":"JF Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, J.F., Li, L.L., Yu, T., Gu, J., Wen, H.Z.: Land assets, urban investment bonds, and local governments\u2019 debt risk, China. Int. J. Strategic Property Manage. 25(1), 65\u201375 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3846\/ijspm.2020.13834","journal-title":"Int. J. Strategic Property Manage."},{"key":"1337_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lu, Y., Zhang, J., Mao, J., Gao, S.: Land financialization and debt expansion: Evidence from city\u2013county mergers in China. Cities. 146 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cities.2023.104679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2023.104679"},{"key":"1337_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eap.2025.04.004","volume":"86","author":"XK Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao, X.K., Li, H.R., Liu, S.T.: The power of credit: can the implementation of a social credit system reduce the risk of corporate debt default? Economic Anal. Policy. 86, 749\u2013763 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eap.2025.04.004","journal-title":"Economic Anal. Policy"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44196-026-01337-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44196-026-01337-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44196-026-01337-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T17:28:51Z","timestamp":1777915731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44196-026-01337-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1337"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44196-026-01337-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-6883"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-6883","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study did not involve human participants, human tissues, or animals. The analysis was based on secondary data obtained from publicly available databases and official statistical sources. Therefore, ethical approval and consent to participate were not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"174"}}