{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T16:17:22Z","timestamp":1778602642997,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]],"date-time":"2023-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]],"date-time":"2023-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["DISO"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The article analyses the role of smart contracts in the architecture of the European Union\u2019s Data Act proposal. It identifies five difficulties: lack of flexibility in terms of both content and operation; dependence on oracles which could lead to errors; vulnerability to bugs and changes in architecture; immutability and privacy; and problems of enforcement. It then offers some recommendations about how to address them to improve the Data Act.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44206-023-00038-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]],"date-time":"2023-03-18T03:02:46Z","timestamp":1679108566000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["How to Improve Smart Contracts in the European Union Data Act"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Federico","family":"Casolari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariarosaria","family":"Taddeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aina","family":"Turillazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5444-2280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano","family":"Floridi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"38_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ante, L. (2020). Smart contracts on the blockchain \u2013 A bibliometric analysis and review.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3576393","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3576393"},{"key":"38_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3418557","author":"Y Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, Y., & Bellavitis, C. (2019). Decentralized Finance: Blockchain Technology and the Quest for an Open Financial System. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3418557","journal-title":"Decentralized Finance: Blockchain Technology and the Quest for an Open Financial System."},{"key":"38_CR3","unstructured":"Czarnocki J. (2022). Data Act Message \u2013 Legitimacy of the Data Processing and Consistency of Data Protection, KU Leuven Centre for IT & IP Law.\u00a0https:\/\/www.law.kuleuven.be\/citip\/blog\/data-act-message-legitimacy-of-the-data-processing-and-consistency-of-data-protection\/#:~:text=As%20a%20principal%20personal%20data,it%20is%20lawful%20and%20legitimate"},{"key":"38_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"De Filippi, P., Wray, C., & Sileno, G. (2021). Smart contracts. Internet Policy Review 2021, 10(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14763\/2021.2.1549","DOI":"10.14763\/2021.2.1549"},{"key":"38_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Egberts, A. (2017). The oracle problem\u2014An Analysis of how blockchain oracles undermine the advantages of decentralized ledger systems.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3382343","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3382343"},{"key":"38_CR6","unstructured":"Ethereum. (2022).\u00a0Docs, \u2018Upgrading Smart Contracts\u2019, 18 July 2022.\u00a0https:\/\/ethereum.org\/en\/developers\/docs\/smart-contracts\/upgrading\/"},{"key":"38_CR7","unstructured":"European Commission. (2020). A European Strategy for Data. Available at: https:\/\/digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu\/en\/policies\/strategy-data#:~:text=The%20Data%20Act%20is%20a,the%20European%20economy%20and%20society."},{"key":"38_CR8","unstructured":"European Commission. (2022). Data Act: Proposal for a Regulation on harmonised rules on fair access to and use of data. Available at: https:\/\/digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu\/en\/library\/data-act-proposal-regulation-harmonised-rulesfair-access-and-use-data#:~:text=The%20Data%20Act%20aims%20to,to%20invest%20in%20data%20generation"},{"key":"38_CR9","unstructured":"Fern\u00e0ndez-Val\u00e8ncia R. (2021). Private smart contract execution \u2013 A survey of existing proposals. https:\/\/medium.com\/iovlabs-innovation-stories\/private-smart-contract-execution-7df89e28eb30"},{"key":"38_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldfeder, S., & Narayanan, A. (2018). Private smart contracts. Privacy Enhancing Technologies Symposium. https:\/\/petsymposium.org\/2018\/files\/hotpets\/9-goldfeder.pdf","DOI":"10.1515\/popets-2018-0038"},{"key":"38_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1017\/cel.2021.12","volume":"2021","author":"D Halberstam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Halberstam, D. (2021). Understanding national remedies and the principle of national procedural autonomy: A constitutional approach. Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies, 2021, 23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/cel.2021.12","journal-title":"Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies"},{"key":"38_CR12","unstructured":"Kotarani, V. (2019). A beginners guide to blockchain smart contract. Promact.\u00a0https:\/\/promactinfo.com\/blogs\/beginners-guide-to-blockchain-smart-contract\/"},{"key":"38_CR13","unstructured":"Law Commission. (2021). Smart Legal Contracts, Advice to Government. Law Com No401. https:\/\/s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com\/lawcom-prod-storage-11jsxou24uy7q\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Smart-legal-contracts-accessible.pdf"},{"key":"38_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mehar, M. I., Shier, C. L., Giambattista, A., Gong, E., Fletcher, G., Sanayhie, R., ... & Laskowski, M. (2019).\u00a0Understanding a revolutionary and flawed grand experiment in blockchain: The DAO attack. Journal of Cases on Information Technology, 21(1), 19\u201332.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/JCIT.2019010102","DOI":"10.4018\/JCIT.2019010102"},{"key":"38_CR15","unstructured":"Meyer, O. (2020). Stopping the unstoppable - Termination and unwinding of smart contracts. Journal of European Consumer and Market Law, 17."},{"key":"38_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohan C. (2019). State of public and private blockchains: Myths and reality. International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD '19), Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 404\u2013411. https:\/\/ezproxy-prd.bodleian.ox.ac.uk:2102\/10.1145\/3299869.3314116","DOI":"10.1145\/3299869.3314116"},{"key":"38_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4r, F. (2021). Decentralized finance: On blockchain- and smart contract-based financial markets. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20955\/r.103.153-74","DOI":"10.20955\/r.103.153-74"},{"key":"38_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wieandt, A., & Heppding, L. (2022). Centralized and decentralized finance: Coexistence or convergence?. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4046173","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4046173"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s44206-023-00052-4","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688515200000}}],"container-title":["Digital Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44206-023-00038-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44206-023-00038-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44206-023-00038-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T16:52:49Z","timestamp":1688575969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44206-023-00038-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["38"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44206-023-00038-2","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s44206-023-00052-4","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2731-4650","2731-4669"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-4650","type":"print"},{"value":"2731-4669","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 February 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 February 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 July 2023","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44206-023-00052-4","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44206-023-00052-4","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}],"article-number":"9"}}