{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T22:35:04Z","timestamp":1782254104507,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002666","name":"Aalto University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002666","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Digit. Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The Metaverse, an interconnected, immersive, and persistent multi-user environment blending physical and digital realities, has transformative potential for society but also poses significant risks for individuals, businesses, and the environment. This study addresses the research gap in understanding these multifaceted implications by employing an integrated research approach. Initially, a literature review explores the opportunities and risks presented by the Metaverse. We then focus on risks to six sets of fundamental rights, analyzing existing legal standards and their applicability through doctrinal analysis and socio-legal research. The legal frameworks included in this analysis are the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, the Digital Services Act (DSA), and the EU AI Act (AIA). Finally, to mitigate identified risks, we provide dual-pronged recommendations that combine regulatory measures and technological strategies. The study serves as a white paper, mapping the Metaverse landscape and providing actionable insights for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and technology developers. Our findings emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach that integrates robust regulatory frameworks with cutting-edge technical safeguards to ensure responsible and sustainable Metaverse development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44206-025-00163-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T16:17:42Z","timestamp":1739895462000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Are We Ready for the Metaverse? Implications, Legal Landscape, and Recommendations for Responsible Development"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8914-6986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyi","family":"Tu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6858-6958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna","family":"de Castro e Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"163_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Awadallah, A. M., Damiani, E., Zemerly, J., & Yeun, C. Y. (2023, March). Identity threats in the metaverse and future research opportunities. In 2023 International Conference on Business Analytics for Technology and Security (ICBATS) (pp. 1\u20136). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBATS57792.2023.10111122"},{"key":"163_CR2","unstructured":"Banakar, R., & Travers, M. (Eds.). (2005). Theory and method in socio-legal research. Bloomsbury Publishing."},{"issue":"1","key":"163_CR3","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"A Bayram","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bayram, A. (2022). Metaleisure: Leisure time habits to be changed with Metaverse. Journal of Metaverse, 2(1), 1\u20137.","journal-title":"Journal of Metaverse"},{"issue":"1","key":"163_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.22381\/pihrm10120226","volume":"10","author":"D Bennett","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bennett, D. (2022). Remote workforce, virtual team tasks, and employee engagement tools in a real-time interoperable decentralized metaverse. Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management, 10(1), 78\u201391.","journal-title":"Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"163_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.3390\/smartcities5030043","volume":"5","author":"SE Bibri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bibri, S. E. (2022). The social shaping of the metaverse as an alternative to the imaginaries of data-driven smart cities: A study in science, technology, and society. Smart Cities, 5(3), 832\u2013874.","journal-title":"Smart Cities"},{"key":"163_CR6","unstructured":"BMW. (2020, September 18). Munich Pilot Plant: BMW Group uses augmented reality in prototyping.https:\/\/www.press.bmwgroup.com\/global\/article\/detail\/T0317125EN\/munich-pilot-plant:-bmw-group-uses-augmented-reality-in-prototyping?language=en"},{"key":"163_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cagnina, M. R., & Poian, M. (2008). How to compete in the metaverse: the business models in Second Life. U of Udine Economics Working Paper, (01-2007).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1088779"},{"key":"163_CR8","unstructured":"Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, 2012\/C 326\/02. (2012). OJ C 326, 26.10.2012, pp. 391\u2013407 ELI: http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/treaty\/char_2012\/oj"},{"key":"163_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C., Li, Y., Wu, Z., Mai, C., Liu, Y., Hu, Y., & Kang, J. (2023). Privacy computing meets metaverse: Necessity, taxonomy and challenges. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.11643.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4604336"},{"issue":"2","key":"163_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1365\/s43439-022-00056-9","volume":"3","author":"BC Cheong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheong, B. C. (2022). Avatars in the metaverse: Potential legal issues and remedies. International Cybersecurity Law Review, 3(2), 467\u2013494.","journal-title":"International Cybersecurity Law Review"},{"key":"163_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chi, N., Lurie, E., & Mulligan, D. K. (2021, July). Reconfiguring diversity and inclusion for AI ethics. In Proceedings of the 2021 AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society (pp. 447\u2013457).","DOI":"10.1145\/3461702.3462622"},{"key":"163_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahan, N. A., Al-Razgan, M., Al-Laith, A., Alsoufi, M. A., Al-Asaly, M. S., & Alfakih, T. (2022). Metaverse framework: A case study on E-learning environment (ELEM). Electronics, 11(10), 1616.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11101616"},{"issue":"3","key":"163_CR13","first-page":"65","volume":"43","author":"G Demartini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Demartini, G., Mizzaro, S., & Spina, D. (2020). Human-in-the-loop Artificial Intelligence for fighting online misinformation: Challenges and opportunities. IEEE Data Eng Bull, 43(3), 65\u201374.","journal-title":"IEEE Data Eng Bull"},{"key":"163_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Pietro, R., & Cresci, S. (2021, December). Metaverse: security and privacy issues. In 2021 Third IEEE International Conference on Trust, Privacy and Security in Intelligent Systems and Applications (TPS-ISA) (pp. 281\u2013288). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPSISA52974.2021.00032"},{"key":"163_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102542","volume":"66","author":"YK Dwivedi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dwivedi, Y. K., Hughes, L., Baabdullah, A. M., Ribeiro-Navarrete, S., Giannakis, M., Al-Debei, M. M., Dennehy, D., Metri, B., Buhalis, D., Cheung, C. M., Conboy, K., Doyle, R., Dubey, R., Dutot, V., Felix, R., Goyal, D. P., Gustafsson, A., Hinsch, C., Jebabli, I., & Wamba, S. F. (2022). Metaverse beyond the hype: Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 66, 102542.","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"key":"163_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dwivedi, Y. K., Kshetri, N., Hughes, L., Rana, N. P., Baabdullah, A. M., Kar, A. K., Koohang, A., Ribeiro-Navarrete, S., Belei, N., Balakrishnan, J., Basu, S., Behl, A., Davies, G. H., Dutot, V., Dwivedi, R., Evans, L., Felix, R., Foster-Fletcher, R., Giannakis, M., & Yan, M. (2023). Exploring the Darkverse: A multi-perspective analysis of the negative societal impacts of the Metaverse. Information Systems Frontiers, 1\u201344.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-023-10400-x"},{"key":"163_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito, M., Halkias, D., Tse, T., & Harkiolakis, T. (2023). Environmental and climate impacts of the Metaverse. Available at SSRN 4616695.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4616695"},{"issue":"2","key":"163_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1109\/MTS.2018.2826060","volume":"37","author":"B Falchuk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Falchuk, B., Loeb, S., & Neff, R. (2018). The social metaverse: Battle for privacy. IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, 37(2), 52\u201361.","journal-title":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine"},{"key":"163_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2022.12.374","volume":"217","author":"F de Felice","year":"2023","unstructured":"Felice, F. de, Luca, C. de, Di Chiara, S., & Petrillo, A. (2023). Physical and digital worlds: Implications and opportunities of the metaverse. Procedia Computer Science, 217, 1744\u20131754.","journal-title":"Procedia Computer Science"},{"key":"163_CR20","unstructured":"Forti, V., Balde, C. P., Kuehr, R., & Bel, G. (2020). The Global E-waste Monitor 2020: Quantities, flows and the circular economy potential."},{"key":"163_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2023.02.008","volume":"143","author":"TR Gadekallu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gadekallu, T. R., Wang, W., Yenduri, G., Ranaweera, P., Pham, Q. V., da Costa, D. B., & Liyanage, M. (2023). Blockchain for the metaverse: A review. Future Generation Computer Systems, 143, 401\u2013419.","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"key":"163_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghirmai, S., Mebrahtom, D., Aloqaily, M., Guizani, M., & Debbah, M. (2022, December). Self-sovereign identity for trust and interoperability in the metaverse. In 2022 IEEE Smartworld, Ubiquitous Intelligence & Computing, Scalable Computing & Communications, Digital Twin, Privacy Computing, Metaverse, Autonomous & Trusted Vehicles (SmartWorld\/UIC\/ScalCom\/DigitalTwin\/PriComp\/Meta) (pp. 2468\u20132475). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/SmartWorld-UIC-ATC-ScalCom-DigitalTwin-PriComp-Metaverse56740.2022.00345"},{"key":"163_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh, A., Hassija, V., Chamola, V., & Saddik, E. (2024). A. A survey on decentralized metaverse using blockchain and web 3.0 technologies, applications, and more. Ieee Access: Practical Innovations, Open Solutions.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3469193"},{"issue":"2","key":"163_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205395172094323","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951720943234","volume":"7","author":"T Gillespie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gillespie, T. (2020). Content moderation, AI, and the question of scale. Big Data & Society, 7(2), 2053951720943234.","journal-title":"Big Data & Society"},{"issue":"7","key":"163_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6079","DOI":"10.3390\/su15076079","volume":"15","author":"P de Giovanni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Giovanni, P. de (2023). Sustainability of the metaverse: A transition to industry 5.0. Sustainability, 15(7), 6079.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"3","key":"163_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/146499341001100303","volume":"11","author":"M Graham","year":"2011","unstructured":"Graham, M. (2011). Time machines and virtual portals: The spatialities of the digital divide. Progress in Development Studies, 11(3), 211\u2013227.","journal-title":"Progress in Development Studies"},{"issue":"37","key":"163_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaay7120","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aay7120","volume":"4","author":"D Gunning","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gunning, D., Stefik, M., Choi, J., Miller, T., Stumpf, S., & Yang, G. Z. (2019). XAI\u2014Explainable artificial intelligence. Science Robotics, 4(37), eaay7120.","journal-title":"Science Robotics"},{"key":"163_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, B. B., Gaurav, A., Arya, V., & Alhalabi, W. (2024). The evolution of intellectual property rights in metaverse based Industry 4.0 paradigms. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11365-023-00940-8"},{"key":"163_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, S., & Shi, Z. (2024). Unmasking inequality in the Metaverse: A study of skin-tone bias in the CryptoPunks Market.","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2024.587"},{"key":"163_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Havele, A., Polys, N., Benman, W., & Brutzman, D. (2022, November). The keys to an open, interoperable metaverse. In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on 3D Web Technology (pp. 1\u20137).","DOI":"10.1145\/3564533.3564575"},{"key":"163_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hine, E. (2024). Virtual reality, cyberspace, and embodiment: A historical debate with contemporary resonance. Cyberspace, and Embodiment: A Historical Debate with Contemporary Resonance (February 2, 2024).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4714432"},{"issue":"2","key":"163_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s44206-024-00114-1","volume":"3","author":"E Hine","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hine, E., Rezende, I. N., Roberts, H., Wong, D., Taddeo, M., & Floridi, L. (2024). Safety and privacy in immersive extended reality: An analysis and policy recommendations. Digital Society, 3(2), 33.","journal-title":"Digital Society"},{"key":"163_CR33","unstructured":"Hupont Torres, I., Charisi, V., de Prato, G., Pogorzelska, K., Schade, S., Kotsev, A., & Vespe, M. (2023). Next generation virtual worlds: Societal, technological, economic and policy challenges for the EU (No. JRC133757). Joint Research Centre (Seville site)."},{"issue":"1","key":"163_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.21153\/dlr2012vol17no1art70","volume":"17","author":"T Hutchinson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hutchinson, T., & Duncan, N. (2012). Defining and describing what we do: Doctrinal legal research. Deakin law Review, 17(1), 83\u2013119.","journal-title":"Deakin law Review"},{"key":"163_CR35","unstructured":"IBM. (n.d.). IBM Food Trust. Retrieved July 10, 2024 from https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/products\/supply-chain-intelligence-suite\/food-trust"},{"issue":"4","key":"163_CR36","first-page":"725","volume":"34","author":"J Jang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jang, J., Cho, K., Cho, S., & Kim, S. H. (2024). A study on privacy preserving methods in the metaverse environment using secure multi-party computation. Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology, 34(4), 725\u2013734.","journal-title":"Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology"},{"key":"163_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaynes, C., Seales, W. B., Calvert, K., Fei, Z., & Griffioen, J. (2003, May). The Metaverse: a networked collection of inexpensive, self-configuring, immersive environments. In Proceedings of the workshop on Virtual environments 2003 (pp. 115\u2013124).","DOI":"10.1145\/769953.769967"},{"issue":"1","key":"163_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.57019\/jmv.1238344","volume":"3","author":"M Kalyvaki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kalyvaki, M. (2023). Navigating the metaverse business and legal challenges: Intellectual property, privacy, and jurisdiction. Journal of Metaverse, 3(1), 87\u201392.","journal-title":"Journal of Metaverse"},{"key":"163_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, D., Uslu, S., & Durresi, A. (2021). Requirements for trustworthy artificial intelligence\u2013a review. In Advances in Networked-Based Information Systems: The 23rd International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems (NBiS-2020) 23 (pp. 105\u2013115). Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-57811-4_11"},{"key":"163_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102620","volume":"69","author":"N Kshetri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kshetri, N., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2023). Pollution-reducing and pollution-generating effects of the Metaverse. International Journal of Information Management, 69, 102620.","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"issue":"10","key":"163_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2021.09.004","volume":"34","author":"R Kumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumar, R., & Sharma, R. (2022). Leveraging blockchain for ensuring trust in IoT: A survey. Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences, 34(10), 8599\u20138622.","journal-title":"Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences"},{"key":"163_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, P., Bharmaik, V., Prajapat, S., Thakur, G., Das, A. K., Shetty, S., & Rodrigues, J. J. (2024). A secure and privacy-preserving signature protocol using quantum teleportation in metaverse environment. IEEE Access.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3427268"},{"key":"163_CR43","unstructured":"K\u00fcrt\u00fcnl\u00fco\u011flu, P., Akdik, B., & Karaarslan, E. (2022). Security of virtual reality authentication methods in Metaverse: An overview. arXiv preprint arXiv:2209.06447."},{"key":"163_CR44","unstructured":"Lee, L. H., Braud, T., Zhou, P., Wang, L., Xu, D., Lin, Z., & Hui, P. (2021a). All one needs to know about Metaverse: A complete survey on technological singularity, virtual ecosystem, and research agenda. arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.05352."},{"key":"163_CR45","unstructured":"Lee, L. H., Lin, Z., Hu, R., Gong, Z., Kumar, A., Li, T., & Hui, P. (2021b). When creators meet the metaverse: A survey on computational arts. arXiv preprint arXiv:2111.13486."},{"key":"163_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Letafati, M., & Otoum, S. (2023, September). Global differential privacy for distributed metaverse healthcare systems. In 2023 International Conference on Intelligent Metaverse Technologies & Applications (iMETA) (pp. 01\u201308). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/iMETA59369.2023.10294469"},{"issue":"22","key":"163_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2012.670036","volume":"34","author":"GN Lewis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lewis, G. N., & Rosie, J. A. (2012). Virtual reality games for movement rehabilitation in neurological conditions: How do we meet the needs and expectations of the users? Disability and Rehabilitation, 34(22), 1880\u20131886.","journal-title":"Disability and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"163_CR51","unstructured":"Li, B., Jiang, Y., Gadepally, V., & Tiwari, D. (2024). Toward sustainable genai using generation directives for carbon-friendly large language model inference. arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.12900."},{"issue":"4","key":"163_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.018.2100716","volume":"30","author":"WYB Lim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lim, W. Y. B., Xiong, Z., Niyato, D., Cao, X., Miao, C., Sun, S., & Yang, Q. (2022). Realizing the metaverse with edge intelligence: A match made in Heaven. IEEE Wireless Communications, 30(4), 64\u201371.","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Communications"},{"key":"163_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Yin, Y., Zhang, Z., & Malaiya, Y. K. (2016). Redundant design in interdependent networks. PloS One, 11(10), e0164777.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164777"},{"key":"163_CR49","unstructured":"Liu, F., Pei, Q., Chen, S., Yuan, Y., Wang, L., & Muhlhauser, M. (2023). When the Metaverse meets carbon neutrality: Ongoing efforts and directions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.10235."},{"key":"163_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lombardi, J., & Lombardi, M. (2010). Opening the Metaverse. Online worlds: Convergence of the real and the virtual, 111\u2013122.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84882-825-4_9"},{"key":"163_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manuri, F., Gravina, N., Sanna, A., & Brizzi, P. (2022, October). Prototyping industrial workstation in the Metaverse: a Low Cost Automation assembly use case. In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Metrology for Extended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE) (pp. 133\u2013138). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroXRAINE54828.2022.9967626"},{"key":"163_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massaro, A. P. (2024). Metaverse and competition law. Research Handbook on the Metaverse and Law (pp. 159\u2013176). Edward Elgar Publishing.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781035324866.00017"},{"key":"163_CR55","unstructured":"Meta. (2022, November 30). Advancing the Next Generation of Creative Expression Through Mixed Reality.https:\/\/about.fb.com\/news\/2022\/11\/advancing-creative-expression-through-mixed-reality\/"},{"key":"163_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2022.11.004","volume":"65","author":"D Mourtzis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mourtzis, D., Panopoulos, N., Angelopoulos, J., Wang, B., & Wang, L. (2022). Human centric platforms for personalized value creation in metaverse. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 65, 653\u2013659.","journal-title":"Journal of Manufacturing Systems"},{"key":"163_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-010-0169-3","volume":"14","author":"N Nassiri","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nassiri, N., Powell, N., & Moore, D. (2010). Human interactions and personal space in collaborative virtual environments. Virtual Reality, 14, 229\u2013240.","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"key":"163_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikalje, M. M. Unravelling the Metaverse: Examining competition law and necessitating regulatory evolution in the Indian context. In Intellectual Property rights and Competition Law in India (pp. 141\u2013152). Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003471523-12"},{"key":"163_CR59","unstructured":"Nike. (n.d.). NIKELAND on Roblox. Nike UK. Retrieved July 10, 2024 from https:\/\/www.nike.com\/gb\/kids\/nikeland-roblox"},{"key":"163_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, X., & Feng, W. (2022). Immersive entertainment environments-from theme parks to metaverse. In International conference on human-computer interaction (pp. 392\u2013403). Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-05463-1_27"},{"key":"163_CR61","unstructured":"NVIDIA. (n.d.). NVIDIA Omniverse. Retrieved July 10, 2024 from https:\/\/www.nvidia.com\/en-gb\/omniverse\/"},{"key":"163_CR62","unstructured":"Ochanji, S. (2019, September 5). Bugatti uses virtual reality to streamline car design process. Virtual Reality Times.https:\/\/virtualrealitytimes.com\/2019\/09\/05\/bugatti-uses-virtual-reality-to-streamline-car-design-process\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"163_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1108\/TG-06-2021-0106","volume":"16","author":"N Perucica","year":"2022","unstructured":"Perucica, N., & Andjelkovic, K. (2022). Is the future of AI sustainable? A case study of the European Union. Transforming Government: People Process and Policy, 16(3), 347\u2013358.","journal-title":"Transforming Government: People Process and Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"163_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.22381\/pihrm10120222","volume":"10","author":"GH Popescu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Popescu, G. H., Ciurl\u0103u, C. F., Stan, C. I., B\u0103c\u0103noiu, C., & T\u0103nase, A. (2022). Virtual workplaces in the metaverse: Immersive remote collaboration tools, behavioral predictive analytics, and extended reality technologies. Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management, 10(1), 21\u201334.","journal-title":"Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management"},{"key":"163_CR65","unstructured":"PwC. (2019, July 18). New Virtual Reality dome demonstrates urgency for action on Sustainable Development Goals.https:\/\/www.pwc.com\/gx\/en\/news-room\/press-releases\/2019\/virtual-reality-dome-sdgs.html"},{"issue":"10","key":"163_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1108\/IJOPM-01-2023-0006","volume":"43","author":"MM Queiroz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Queiroz, M. M., Wamba, S. F., Pereira, S. C. F., & Jabbour, C. J. C. (2023). The metaverse as a breakthrough for operations and supply chain management: Implications and call for action. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 43(10), 1539\u20131553.","journal-title":"International Journal of Operations & Production Management"},{"key":"163_CR68","unstructured":"Regulation (EU) 2022\/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 October 2022 on a Single Market For Digital Services and Amending Directive 2000\/31\/EC (Digital Services Act). (2022). OJ L, 277. http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2022\/2065\/oj\/eng"},{"key":"163_CR67","unstructured":"Regulation (EU) 2016\/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the Protection of Natural Persons with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data, and Repealing Directive 95\/46\/EC (General Data Protection Regulation). (2016). OJ L, 119. http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2016\/679\/2016-05-04\/eng"},{"key":"163_CR69","unstructured":"Regulation (EU) 2024\/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence and amending Regulations (EC) No 300\/2008, (EU) No 167\/2013, (EU) No 168\/2013, (EU) 2018\/858, (EU) 2018\/1139 and (EU) 2019\/2144 and Directives 2014\/90\/EU, (EU) 2016\/797 and (EU) 2020\/1828 (Artificial Intelligence Act). (2024). OJ L, 2024\/1689, 12.7.2024, ELI: http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2024\/1689\/oj"},{"key":"163_CR70","unstructured":"Repko, A. F., Szostak, R., & Buchberger, M. P. (2019). Introduction to interdisciplinary studies. Sage."},{"key":"163_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosioru, F. (2023). Workers\u2019 non-discrimination in the metaverse. In SHS Web of Conferences (Vol. 177, p. 01001). EDP Sciences.","DOI":"10.1051\/shsconf\/202317701001"},{"key":"163_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98944","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3206457","volume":"10","author":"J Ryu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ryu, J., Son, S., Lee, J., Park, Y., & Park, Y. (2022). Design of secure mutual authentication scheme for metaverse environments using blockchain. Ieee Access, 10, 98944\u201398958.","journal-title":"Ieee Access"},{"key":"163_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saka, E. (2023). Metaverse and diversity. The future of digital communication (pp. 73\u201389). CRC.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003379119-6"},{"key":"163_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sami, H., Hammoud, A., Arafeh, M., Wazzeh, M., Arisdakessian, S., Chahoud, M., Wehbi, O., Ajaj, M., Mourad, A., Otrok, H., Wahab, O. A., Mizouni, R., Bentahar, J., Talhi, C., Dziong, Z., Damiani, E., & Guizani, M. (2023). The Metaverse: Survey, trends, novel pipeline ecosystem & future directions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.09240.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3392642"},{"key":"163_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saxena, U. R., & Alam, T. (2023). Role-based access using partial homomorphic encryption for securing cloud data. International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management, 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13198-023-01896-2"},{"key":"163_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scarfone, K., & Mell, P. (2007). Guide to intrusion detection and prevention systems (idps). NIST special publication, 800(2007), 94.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.800-94"},{"issue":"2","key":"163_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s12394-010-0055-x","volume":"3","author":"P Schaar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schaar, P. (2010). Privacy by design. Identity in the Information Society, 3(2), 267\u2013274.","journal-title":"Identity in the Information Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"163_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.54648\/EUCL2024009","volume":"21","author":"A Schall","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schall, A. (2024). The CSDDD: Good Law or Bad Law? European Company Law, 21(3), 56\u201358.","journal-title":"European Company Law"},{"key":"163_CR79","unstructured":"Siemens. (n.d.) Let\u2019s build the Industrial Metaverse together for a sustainable world. Retrieved July 10, 2024 from https:\/\/www.siemens.com\/global\/en\/company\/digital-transformation\/industrial-metaverse\/lets-build-the-industrial-metaverse-together-for-a-more-sustainable-world.html"},{"key":"163_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, C. H., Molka-Danielsen, J., Rasool, J., & Webb-Benjamin, J. B. (2023). The World as an interface: Exploring the ethical challenges of the emerging Metaverse. In Proceedings of the 56th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2023.733"},{"key":"163_CR81","unstructured":"Spani, R. C. (2020). The new circular economy action plan. FEEM Policy Brief, (09\u20132020)."},{"key":"163_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strubell, E., Ganesh, A., & McCallum, A. (2020, April). Energy and policy considerations for modern deep learning research. In Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence (Vol. 34, No. 09, pp. 13693\u201313696).","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i09.7123"},{"issue":"2","key":"163_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1109\/MP.2006.1649008","volume":"25","author":"SR Subramanya","year":"2006","unstructured":"Subramanya, S. R., & Yi, B. K. (2006). Digital rights management. IEEE Potentials, 25(2), 31\u201334.","journal-title":"IEEE Potentials"},{"issue":"1","key":"163_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.12785\/ijcds\/120128","volume":"12","author":"I Taj","year":"2022","unstructured":"Taj, I., & Zaman, N. (2022). Towards Industrial Revolution 5.0 and explainable Artificial Intelligence: Challenges and opportunities. International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems, 12(1), 295\u2013320.","journal-title":"International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems"},{"key":"163_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, Y., Steckel, D., Kleme\u0161, J. J., & You, F. (2021). Trend towards virtual and hybrid conferences may be an effective climate change mitigation strategy. Nature communications, 12(1), 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27251-2"},{"key":"163_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, B., Dai, H. N., Xie, H., & Wang, F. L. (2023). Structural identity representation learning for Blockchain-enabled Metaverse based on Complex Network Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems.","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2022.3233059"},{"key":"163_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tariq, S., Abuadbba, A., & Moore, K. (2023). Deepfake in the Metaverse: Security Implications for Virtual Gaming, Meetings, and Offices. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.14612.","DOI":"10.1145\/3595353.3595880"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"163_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1080\/02642069.2023.2178644","volume":"43","author":"A Tlili","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tlili, A., Huang, R., & Kinshuk (2023). Metaverse for climbing the ladder toward \u2018Industry 5.0\u2019 and \u2018Society 5.0\u2019? The Service Industries Journal, 43(3\u20134), 260\u2013287.","journal-title":"The Service Industries Journal"},{"issue":"20","key":"163_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9480","DOI":"10.3390\/app11209480","volume":"11","author":"X Tu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tu, X., Autiosalo, J., Jadid, A., Tammi, K., & Klinker, G. (2021). A mixed reality interface for a digital twin based crane. Applied Sciences, 11(20), 9480.","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"163_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019080","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2023.1019080","volume":"4","author":"X Tu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tu, X., Autiosalo, J., Ala-Laurinaho, R., Yang, C., Salminen, P., & Tammi, K. (2022). TwinXR: Method for using digital twin descriptions in industrial eXtended reality applications. Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 4, 1019080.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Virtual Reality"},{"key":"163_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2024.05.016","volume":"74","author":"X Tu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tu, X., Ala-Laurinaho, R., Chao, Y., Autiosalo, J., & Tammi, K. (2024). Architecture for data-centric and semantic-enhanced industrial metaverse: Bridging physical factories and virtual landscape. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 74, 965\u2013979.","journal-title":"Journal of Manufacturing Systems"},{"key":"163_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van der Sloot, B. (2024). Regulating the Synthetic Society: Generative AI, legal questions, and Societal challenges (p. 296). Bloomsbury Academic.","DOI":"10.5040\/9781509974979"},{"issue":"1","key":"163_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3202047","volume":"25","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Su, Z., Zhang, N., Xing, R., Liu, D., Luan, T. H., & Shen, X. (2022). A survey on metaverse: Fundamentals, security, and privacy. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 25(1), 319\u2013352.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials"},{"key":"163_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wang, L., & Siau, K. L. (2024). Human-centered interaction in virtual worlds: A New Era of generative artificial intelligence and Metaverse. International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction, 1\u201343.","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2024.2316376"},{"key":"163_CR95","unstructured":"World Economic Forum. (n.d.). Global Collaboration Village. Retrieved July 10, 2024 from https:\/\/www.globalcollaborationvillage.org\/home"},{"key":"163_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2023.3259470","volume":"17","author":"JG Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, J. G., Zhang, D., & Lee, S. M. (2023). Into the Brave New Metaverse: Envisaging future language teaching and learning. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 17, 44\u201353.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies"},{"issue":"5","key":"163_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.130.2200510","volume":"37","author":"S Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Lim, W. Y. B., Ng, W. C., Xiong, Z., Niyato, D., Shen, X. S., & Miao, C. (2023). Towards Green Metaverse networking: Technologies, advancements and future directions. Ieee Network, 37(5), 223\u2013232.","journal-title":"Ieee Network"}],"container-title":["Digital Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44206-025-00163-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44206-025-00163-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44206-025-00163-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T14:44:13Z","timestamp":1747925053000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44206-025-00163-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44206-025-00163-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-4650","2731-4669"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-4650","type":"print"},{"value":"2731-4669","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent"}},{"value":"On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"9"}}