{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T04:13:18Z","timestamp":1747973598543,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Digit. Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s44206-025-00177-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T15:08:28Z","timestamp":1745334508000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Understanding the Benefits, Costs, and Challenges of the National Identification System in Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Roy William","family":"Mayega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorothy","family":"Okello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Muhumuza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Tumuhamye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Ssentongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allen Kabagenyi","family":"Mulerwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Kwesiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Nyabigambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Ssebagereka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Bazeyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"177_CR1","unstructured":"ADB. (2013). Cost-benefit analysis for development: A practical guide. A. D. Bank. Mandaluyong City, Philippines, Asian Development Bank. https:\/\/www.adb.org\/sites\/default\/files\/institutional-document\/33788\/files\/cost-benefit-analysis-development.pdf"},{"key":"177_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arewa, O. B. (2022). Scarcity amidst plenty: Regulating digital transformation. Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics, 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/frma.2022.1004369"},{"issue":"5","key":"177_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.1892","volume":"29","author":"P. Arora","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arora, P., Logg, J., & Larrick, R. (2016). Acting for the greater good: Identification with group determines choices in sequential contribution dilemmas. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 29(5), 499\u2013510.","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Decision Making"},{"key":"177_CR4","volume-title":"Digital identity: The essential guide","author":"J. Atick","year":"2016","unstructured":"Atick, J. (2016). Digital identity: The essential guide. ID4Afric Identity Forum."},{"issue":"3","key":"177_CR6","first-page":"98","volume":"44","author":"S. Bennett","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bennett, S., Woods, T., Liyanage, W. M., & Smith, D. L. (1991). A simplified general method for cluster-sample surveys of health in developing countries. World Health Statistics Q, 44(3), 98\u2013106.","journal-title":"World Health Statistics Q"},{"key":"177_CR7","unstructured":"Biscaye, P., Coney, S., Ho, E., Hutchinson, B., Neidhardt, M., Anderson, L., & Reynolds, T. (2015). Review of national identity programs. Evans school of policy analysis and research (EPAR) (pp. 306). University of Washington. https:\/\/epar.evans.uw.edu\/research\/review-national-identity-programs-developing-countries"},{"key":"177_CR8","unstructured":"Bwambale, T. (2017). Registration centres beefed up to issue National IDs. New vision. https:\/\/www.newvision.co.ug\/new_vision\/news\/1453682\/registration-centres-beefed-issue-national-ids"},{"key":"177_CR9","unstructured":"Cunningham, M. (2013). DNIs and civil documentation in Peru. Latin American Foundation for the Future (LAFF). https:\/\/epar.evans.uw.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/EPAR_UW_306_National%20ID%20Programs%20Implementation_Data%20for%20Policy%20Brief_9.7.17.pdf"},{"key":"177_CR10","unstructured":"Cynthia, M. (2021). Integrating ICT in elections: How Uganda implemented biometric voter registration, 2001\u20132016. Uganda Eletrical Comission 2021. https:\/\/www.kdevelopedia.org\/asset\/99202207120168788\/1657590791650.pdf"},{"key":"177_CR11","unstructured":"Desai, V. T., Witt, M., Chandra, K., & Marskell, J. (2017). Counting the uncounted: 1.1 Billion people without IDs. https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/ic4d\/counting-invisible-11-billion-people-without-proof-legal-id"},{"issue":"October 2022","key":"177_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrt.2022.100039","volume":"11","author":"D. Eke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eke, D., Oloyede, R., Ochang, P., Borokini, F., Adeyeye, F., Sorbarikor, L., Wale-Oshinowo, B., & Akintoye, S. (2022). Nigeria\u2019s digital identification (ID) management program: Ethical, legal and socio-cultural concerns. Journal of Responsible Technology, 11(October 2022), 100039.","journal-title":"Journal of Responsible Technology"},{"key":"177_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2022.113546","volume":"157","author":"M. M. Feliciano-Cestero","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feliciano-Cestero, M. M., Ameen, N., Kotabe, M., Paul, J., & Signoret, M. (2023). Is digital transformation threatened? A systematic literature review of the factors influencing firms\u2019 digital transformation and internationalization. Journal of Business Research, 157, 113546.","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"177_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.2307\/2529990","volume":"36","author":"L. J. Fleiss","year":"1980","unstructured":"Fleiss, L. J., Tytun, A., & Ury, K. H. (1980). A simple approximation for calculating sample sizes for comparing independent proportions. Biometrics, 36(2), 343\u2013346.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"177_CR15","unstructured":"Fuje, H., & Yao, J. (2022). Africa\u2019s rapid economic growth hasn\u2019t fully closed income gaps. IMF 2022. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Blogs\/Articles\/2022\/09\/20\/africas-rapid-economic-growth-hasnt-fully-closed-income-gaps"},{"key":"177_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gardosi, J., Madurasinghe, V., Williams, M., Malik, A., & Francis, A. (2013). Non-completion of registration and loss of NIDs were cited as key explanatory factors. BMJ, 346, f108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.f108","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f108"},{"key":"177_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelb, A., & Clark, J. (2013). Identification for development: The biometrics revolution. https:\/\/www.cgdev.org\/publication\/identification-development-biometrics-revolution-working-paper-315","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2226594"},{"key":"177_CR18","volume-title":"Identification revolution: Can digital ID be harnessed for development?","author":"A. Gelb","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gelb, A., & Metz, A. D. (2018). Identification revolution: Can digital ID be harnessed for development? Brookings Institution Press."},{"key":"177_CR19","unstructured":"Gemalto. (2017). National ID cards: 2016\u20132018 facts and trends. THALES 2017. https:\/\/www.gemalto.com\/govt\/identity\/2016-national-id-card-trends"},{"key":"177_CR20","unstructured":"GoU. (2015). Registration of Persons Act. Constitution of Uganda. 54(1) and \u00a7 66(1), (2)(b), (d)\u2013(f) (Uganda). p. https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/dyn\/natlex\/docs\/ELECTRONIC\/44038\/90491\/F206329993\/UGA44038.pdf"},{"key":"177_CR21","unstructured":"GoU. (2019). Promote social protection: Ensure equity and equality in harnessing the demographic dividend. State of Uganda Population Report. http:\/\/npcsec.go.ug\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/2019-SUPRE.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"177_CR22","first-page":"2350","volume":"3","author":"I. A. Ibrahim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ibrahim, I. A., & Abubaker, Y. (2016). The importance of identity management systems in developing countries. International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering & Management (IJIREM) ISSN, 3(1), 2350\u20132557.","journal-title":"International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering & Management (IJIREM) ISSN"},{"key":"177_CR23","unstructured":"IPAR. (2016). Technical analysis of birth registration in rwanda status of child registration and possible action world vision 2016. https:\/\/www.wvi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/BR%20Technical%20Analysis%20Report-%20Final_0.pdf"},{"key":"177_CR24","unstructured":"Clark, J., Kyla, R., & Stephanie, D. L. (2016). Public- Private cooperation to build digital identity systems. World Bank Identification for Development. http:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/ic4d\/public-private-cooperation-build-digital-identity-systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"177_CR25","first-page":"365","volume":"24","author":"M. Katina","year":"2006","unstructured":"Katina, M., & Michael, M. G. (2006). Historical lessons on ID technology and the consequences of an unchecked trajectory. Prometheus, 24(4), 365\u2013377.","journal-title":"Prometheus"},{"issue":"2","key":"177_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.22158\/jar.v2n2p77","volume":"2","author":"A. R. Khan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khan, A. R. (2018). National identity card: Opportunities and threats. Journal of Asian Research, 2(2), 77.","journal-title":"Journal of Asian Research"},{"key":"177_CR27","unstructured":"Kisekka, J. I. (2018). This is how to check who is using your National ID Number (NIN). Techjaja, https:\/\/www.techjaja.com\/this-is-how-to-check-who-is-using-your-national-id-number-nin\/"},{"key":"177_CR28","unstructured":"KPMG. (2017). Digital identity\u2019s role in optimising the customer experience and competitive advantage. KPMG. https:\/\/assets.kpmg\/content\/dam\/kpmg\/au\/pdf\/2017\/digital-identity-role-in-optimizing-customer-experience-and-competitive-advantage.pdf"},{"key":"177_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, R., & Indrayan, A. (2002). A nomogram for single-stage cluster-sample surveys in a community for estimation of a prevalence rate. International Journal of Epidemiology, 31(2), 463\u2013467.","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.2.463"},{"key":"177_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2020.120343","volume":"162","author":"C. Llopis-Albert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Llopis-Albert, C., Rubio, F., & Valero, F. (2021). Impact of digital transformation on the automotive industry. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 162, 120343.","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"key":"177_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mills, S., & Lee, J. K., Rassekh, B. M. (2019). Benefits of linking civil registration and vital statistics with identity management systems for measuring and achieving sustainable development goal 3 indicators. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 18, 38(Suppl 1), 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-019-0178-0"},{"key":"177_CR32","unstructured":"Mordini, E., & Petrini, C. (2007). Ethical and social implications of biometric identification technology. Ann Ist Super Sanita, 43(1), 5\u201311."},{"key":"177_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neumann, P., & Weinstein, L. (2001). Risks of national identity cards. Communications of the ACM, 44(12), 176.","DOI":"10.1145\/501317.501357"},{"issue":"2","key":"177_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/1477370808100543","volume":"6","author":"D. Neyland","year":"2009","unstructured":"Neyland, D. (2009). Who\u2019s who? The biometric future and the politics of identity. European Journal of Criminology. National Identity Card: Opportunities and Threats, 6(2), 135\u2013155.","journal-title":"European Journal of Criminology. National Identity Card: Opportunities and Threats"},{"key":"177_CR35","unstructured":"NIIRA. (2017). Mass registration of pupils and students NIIRA 2017. https:\/\/www.nira.go.ug\/wp-content\/uploads\/Publish\/Registration%20of%20School%20Learners.pdf"},{"key":"177_CR36","unstructured":"NIRA. 2017. NIRA, Frequently asked questions. May\u2013 August 2017. NIRA. https:\/\/www.nira.go.ug\/index.php\/contact-us\/faqs\/"},{"key":"177_CR37","unstructured":"NIRA. (2021). How to register for a National ID?https:\/\/www.nira.go.ug\/media\/2021\/09\/A2-Poster-How-to-register-for-a-National-ID-1.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"177_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1080\/10686967.2018.1404368","volume":"25","author":"Q. J. Nottingham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nottingham, Q. J., Johnson, D. M., & Russell, R. S. (2018). The effect of waiting time on patient perceptions of care quality. Quality Management Journal, 25(1), 32\u201345.","journal-title":"Quality Management Journal"},{"key":"177_CR39","volume-title":"Legal Identity in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: Lessons from Kibera, Kenya","author":"B. Oppenheim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oppenheim, B., & Powell, B. M. (2015). Legal identity in the 2030 agenda for sustainable development: Lessons from Kibera, Kenya. Open Society Foundations. https:\/\/www.justiceinitiative.org\/uploads\/0a6472de-a975-4a3b-b3ad-2b979891d645\/legal-identity-2030-agenda-lessons-kibera-kenya-2051216.pdf"},{"key":"177_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandey, R., & Diyal, S. R. (2023). A study on the situation of national identity card in Nepal: Implications and challenges. Educational Journal, 2(2), 10\u201326.","DOI":"10.3126\/ej.v2i2.61691"},{"key":"177_CR41","unstructured":"Romana, S. (2023). With an ID in hand, women have more economic opportunities. DCED. https:\/\/www.enterprise-development.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/With-an-ID-in-Hand-Women-Have-More-Economic-Opportunties-DCED-BEWG-Technical-Report-Dec-2022.pdf"},{"key":"177_CR42","unstructured":"Sum, D. J. (2019). Great experience despite NID delays 2019 ANU-UPNG summer school and PNG\u2019s NID project. https:\/\/devpolicy.org\/2019-anu-upng-summer-school-and-png-nid-project-20190227\/?fbclid=IwAR0bSkwsUJA0WleKIbRL36KnF6xLFJhpno_8QHvlq0uQG3_sXmQ1hpDem1Q"},{"issue":"1","key":"177_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2006.09.004","volume":"35","author":"S. Szreter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Szreter, S. (2007). The right of registration: Development, identity registration, and social security\u2014a historical perspective. World Development, 35(1), 67\u201386.","journal-title":"World Development"},{"key":"177_CR44","unstructured":"Techjaja. (2017). NITA Uganda to integrate all services with your National ID data for easy public delivery. Techjaja. https:\/\/www.techjaja.com\/nita-uganda-to-integrate-all-services-with-your-national-id-data-for-easy-public-delivery\/"},{"key":"177_CR45","unstructured":"UBOS. (2016). Uganda Bureau of Statistics UBOS 2016. http:\/\/library.health.go.ug\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/UBOS%20Statistical%20Abstract%202016%20.pdf"},{"key":"177_CR46","unstructured":"UBOS. (2019). Uganda Demographic and Health Survey Statistical Abstract 2019. https:\/\/www.ubos.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/publications\/01_20202019_Statistical_Abstract_-Final.pdf"},{"key":"177_CR47","unstructured":"UN. (2017). Sustainable Development Goal 16. United Nations 2017. https:\/\/sustainabledevelopment.un.org\/sdg16"},{"key":"177_CR48","unstructured":"USAID. (2017). Identity in a digital age: Infrastructure for inclusive development. https:\/\/www.usaid.gov\/digital-development\/digital-id\/inclusive-development-infographic"},{"issue":"3","key":"177_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s44206-023-00084-w","volume":"2","author":"J. Vrana","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vrana, J., & Singh, R. (2023). Modeling digital penetration of the industrialized society and its ensuing transfiguration. Digital Society, 2(3), 54.","journal-title":"Digital Society"},{"key":"177_CR50","unstructured":"WB. (2016a). World development report: enabling digital development. https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/896971468194972881\/pdf\/102725-PUB-Replacement-PUBLIC.pdf"},{"key":"177_CR51","unstructured":"WB. (2016b). World development report 2016 digital dividends. The International Development Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/896971468194972881\/pdf\/102725-PUB-Replacement-PUBLIC.pdf"},{"key":"177_CR52","unstructured":"WB. (2016c). Estimates by the World Bank ID4D Dataset, as of February 2016. World Bank. https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/bitstream\/handle\/10986\/26504\/114628-WP-68p-TheStateofIdentificationSystemsinAfricaASynthesisofIDDAssessments-PUBLIC.pdf"},{"key":"177_CR53","unstructured":"WB. (2016d). Digital identity: Towards shared principles for public and private sector cooperation. World Bank. https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/600821469220400272\/digital-identity-towards-shared-principles-for-public-and-private-sector-cooperation"},{"key":"177_CR54","unstructured":"WB, CGD. (2017). Principles on identification for sustainable development: Toward the digital age. World Bank. http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/213581486378184357\/pdf\/112614-REVISED-4-25-web-English-final-ID4D-IdentificationPrinciples.pdf"},{"key":"177_CR55","unstructured":"WB. (2017a). World Bank. Identification for development annual report 2017. World Bank. https:\/\/www.ranlab.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Understanding-the-Benefits-Costs-and-Challenges-of-the-National-Identification-System-in-Uganda-1.pdf"},{"key":"177_CR56","unstructured":"WB. (2017b). Cost-benefit analysis of national identity management system development in Zambia. WB604-02\/17. World Bank. https:\/\/www.ranlab.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Understanding-the-Benefits-Costs-and-Challenges-of-the-National-Identification-System-in-Uganda-1.pdf"},{"key":"177_CR57","unstructured":"WB. (2018). Guidelines for identification for development (ID4D) diagnostics. International Bank for Reconstitution and Development\/The World Bank World Bank. https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/370121518449921710\/Guidelines-for-ID4D-Diagnostics.pdf"}],"container-title":["Digital Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44206-025-00177-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44206-025-00177-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44206-025-00177-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T14:44:22Z","timestamp":1747925062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44206-025-00177-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44206-025-00177-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-4650","2731-4669"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2731-4650"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2731-4669"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by Makerere University, School of Social Sciences, Research Ethics Committee (MAKSS REC 03.19.276).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study and they were allowed to withdraw consent at any time.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}],"article-number":"28"}}