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This conceptual lens enables us to illuminate how the increased use of pre-trial risk assessment tools based on big data can be understood in legal-theoretical terms. Empirically, we find a shift away from censure and retribution towards crime prevention and the use of risk assessment tools, which both AJ and PJ models can accommodate. However, while our analysis demonstrates that these models help draw into sharper focus the principles and values which animated US bail reforms, it also reveals several limitations owing to the nature of these models as witnesses of the time when they were developed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44206-025-00194-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T12:05:00Z","timestamp":1749643500000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Smart Justice? 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