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Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The sudden deployment of large language models (LLMs) has been a seismic event for science, with professional scientists, including biologists, struggling to work out how to fit this new technology into their working lives. The benefits of LLMs are manifold but here we flag a neglected and very serious negative aspect of their use in the area of culturomics. This field depends on analysing word frequencies to pick out the prevailing zeitgeist in corpora of text that are readily available online through social media and analysable through modern software. This provides insights into human culture on a scale that was impossible 20 years ago. Culturomics has influenced many topics where understanding the human perspective is key. However, LLMs are \u2018polluting the waters\u2019 by producing AI generated text that is, by definition, not what people are talking about. We believe there\u2019s a strong case to be made for highlighting the nature of LLM pollution and give our view for how to clean the waters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44206-025-00209-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T06:19:15Z","timestamp":1750400355000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Generative AI - Signal to Noise"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2830-5338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Kane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7359-9091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3548-6253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Healy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7334-0434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"209_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amano, T., & Violeta Berdejo-Espinola (2024). \u2018Language barriers in conservation: consequences and solutions\u2019, Trends in Ecology & Evolution.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2024.11.003"},{"key":"209_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cresci, S., Pietro, R. D., Petrocchi, M., & Spognardi, A. (2017). and Maurizio Tesconi. The paradigm-shift of social spambots: Evidence, theories, and tools for the arms race. In Proceedings of the 26th international conference on world wide web companion, 963\u201372.","DOI":"10.1145\/3041021.3055135"},{"key":"209_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12678","DOI":"10.1111\/conl.12678","volume":"13","author":"D Fern\u00e1ndez-Bellon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Bellon, D., & Kane, A. (2020). Natural history films Raise species awareness\u2014A big data approach. Conservation Letters, 13, e12678.","journal-title":"Conservation Letters"},{"key":"209_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4018\/IJSDS.2018010102","volume":"9","author":"A Karami","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karami, A., London, S., Bennett, & He, X. (2018). Mining public opinion about economic issues: Twitter and the Us presidential election. 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(2015). \u2018The Pitfalls of Using Google Ngram to Study Language. \u2018, URL: https:\/\/www.wired.com\/2015\/10\/pitfalls-of-studying-language-with-google-ngram"}],"container-title":["Digital Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44206-025-00209-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44206-025-00209-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44206-025-00209-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T15:26:38Z","timestamp":1756913198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44206-025-00209-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44206-025-00209-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-4650","2731-4669"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2731-4650"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2731-4669"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"We declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"51"}}