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I refer both to their material production and conditions, as well as how they concretely materialize in our devices and the materializing effects they have on us and our bodies. This perspective highlights the connection of LLMs with culture and material practices, cultural and social values: they are part of us, our culture, our time, politics, and our society. It also shifts the focus from human users as individual agents and opens up a view of the hidden network of multiple agents \u2013 human workers, big tech actors, environmental and technological non-human agents, and more \u2013 while drawing attention to the diversity and specificities of agencies. This shift transforms the questions currently posed in the ethics of LLMs and opens up new avenues for ethical inquiry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44206-025-00225-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T09:48:44Z","timestamp":1760435324000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Material Agency of a Large Language Model"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8339-6244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Puzio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"225_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv12101zq.8","volume-title":"Meeting the universe halfway: Quantum physics and the entanglement of matter and meaning","author":"K. 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Therefore, approval by an Ethical Committee is not necessary.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Publish"}},{"value":"I am a researcher at the University of Twente in the research programme Ethics of Socially Disruptive Technologies. This research programme is funded through the Gravitation programme of the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO grant number 024.004.031).","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"73"}}