{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T09:16:26Z","timestamp":1768986986821,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670198400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of the Interior (MOI), R.O.C.","award":["111CCL031C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111CCL031C"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Urban Info"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Producing high-definition maps (HD maps) is critical for achieving the goal of safe autonomous vehicles. These maps must have sufficient quality to ensure safety in self-driving applications. In this paper, a procedure for the verifying the accuracy of HD maps and validating the maps is proposed. Maps meeting the standards should have horizontal and vertical accuracy of 20 and 30\u2009cm, respectively. Moreover, the HD maps must include attributes that can be used by autonomous vehicles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44212-022-00014-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T12:06:27Z","timestamp":1670241987000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Verification and validation procedure for high-definition maps in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Kai-Wei","family":"Chiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi-Kuei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jung-Hong","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pei-Ling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chin-Sung","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng-Lun","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5966-8986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"14_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1109\/MITS.2014.2360306","volume":"7","author":"M Aeberhard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aeberhard, M., et al. (2015). Experience, results and lessons learned from automated driving on Germany's highways. IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine, 7(1), 42\u201357.","journal-title":"IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine"},{"key":"14_CR2","unstructured":"California Department of Transportation (2018). Surveys Manual, Office of Land Surveys. Division of Right of Way and Land Surveys. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.dot.ca.gov\/landsurveys\/surveys-manual.html. Retrieved date: December 2nd."},{"key":"14_CR3","volume-title":"The development of map standard format and mobile mapping technology report","author":"KW Chiang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chiang, K. W., Tseng, Y. H., Hong, J. H., Kuo, C. Y., Wang, C. K., & Lu, H. C. (2019). The development of map standard format and mobile mapping technology report. Taiwan: Dept. of Land Administration."},{"key":"14_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8346","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2022.3204306","volume-title":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","author":"K-W Chiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chiang, K. -W., Zeng, J. -C., Tsai, M. -L., Darweesh, H., Chen, P. -X., & Wang, C. -K. (2022). Bending the curve of HD maps production for autonomous vehicle applications in Taiwan. In IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, (vol. 15, pp. 8346\u20138359). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSTARS.2022.3204306."},{"key":"14_CR5","unstructured":"Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) (2013). Terrestrial Mobile LiDAR Surveying & Mapping Guidelines."},{"key":"14_CR6","unstructured":"\u201cHD maps data contents and formats standard.\u201d TAICS, Taiwan, Rep. TS-0024 v1.0, 2020."},{"key":"14_CR7","unstructured":"\u201cHD maps operation guideline v2.\u201d TAICS, Taiwan, Rep. TR-0010 v2.0, 2019."},{"key":"14_CR8","volume-title":"Intelligent transport systems-co-operative ITS-local dynamic map","author":"ISO 18750","year":"2018","unstructured":"ISO 18750 (2018). Intelligent transport systems-co-operative ITS-local dynamic map,  (1st ed., ). International Standard.","edition":"1"},{"issue":"2","key":"14_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463319000638","volume":"73","author":"R Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, R., Wang, J., & Zhang, B. (2020). High definition map for automated driving: Overview and analysis. The Journal of Navigation, 73(2), 324\u2013341.","journal-title":"The Journal of Navigation"},{"key":"14_CR10","unstructured":"OpenDRIVE. (2019). OpenDRIVE Format Specification (Rev. 1.5). https:\/\/www.asam.net\/standards\/detail\/opendrive\/older\/"},{"key":"14_CR11","unstructured":"SAE International (2021). Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles (J3016_202104). Tech. Rep. Available: https:\/\/www.sae.org\/standards\/content\/j3016_202104\/."},{"key":"14_CR12","unstructured":"Shen, C. Y., Wang, C. K., Chiang, K. W., Tseng, Y. H., Hong, J. H., Zhan, S. S., Zheng,\u00a0C. T., & Zhuang C. C. (2019-2020). \u201cThe integration of HD maps into self-driving information and communication systems report\u201d"},{"issue":"2","key":"14_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.4236\/jtts.2015.52010","volume":"5","author":"H Shimada","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shimada, H., Yamaguchi, A., Takada, H., & Sato, K. (2015). Implementation and evaluation of local dynamic map in safety driving systems. Journal of Transportation Technologies, 5(2), 102.","journal-title":"Journal of Transportation Technologies"},{"key":"14_CR14","unstructured":"Stephen H. and Michael M. (2020), \u201cP1\u2013021: Map creation, monitoring and maintenance for automated driving\u2013 Literature Review\u201d"},{"key":"14_CR15","unstructured":"TomTom (2020a). \u201cBehind the map: how we keep our maps up to date | TomTom Blog\u201d. Available:\u00a0https:\/\/www.tomtom.com\/blog\/maps\/continuous-map-processing\/. Accessed 22 Jul\u00a02020."},{"key":"14_CR16","unstructured":"TomTom (2020b). \u201cWhat are the differences between the TomTom ADAS and HD Maps? |TomTom Blog\u201d. Available: https:\/\/www.tomtom.com\/blog\/autonomous-driving\/adas-map-vs-hd-map\/. Accessed 22 Jul\u00a02020."},{"key":"14_CR17","unstructured":"TomTom (2020c). \u201c(291) TomTom: Demonstrating Lane Level Localization for Autonomous Driving - YouTube\u201d. Available: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=86U4sxCpRf8. Accessed 22 Jul\u00a02020."},{"key":"14_CR18","unstructured":"\u201cVerification and Validation Guideline for HD Maps.\u201d TAICS, Taiwan, Rep. TR-0016 v1.0, 2020."}],"container-title":["Urban Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44212-022-00014-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44212-022-00014-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44212-022-00014-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T12:20:28Z","timestamp":1670242828000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44212-022-00014-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["14"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44212-022-00014-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-6963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-6963","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 October 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 November 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"18"}}