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While existing studies have utilized topographic factors in remote sensing, they often fail to systematically quantify multi-dimensional heterogeneity or address species-specific responses. This study pioneers the application of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Grid Topographic Heterogeneity Index (DGTHI) to enhance AGB inversion models. The DGTHI is a composite metric integrating elevation variability, relief, surface roughness, and mean slope. Using airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data and 8,804 field-measured trees from Mengyin County, Shandong Province, China, we developed a DGTHI-stratified modeling framework. This framework dissects how topographic heterogeneity governs species-level AGB estimation accuracy at the county scale. Results demonstrate that: (1) DGTHI outperformed conventional single-factor topographic corrections, with heterogeneity effects on feature selection following a species hierarchy: acacia\u2009&gt;\u2009pine\u2009&gt;\u2009cypress\u2009&gt;\u2009poplar; (2) The DGTHI-driven stratification led to a significant improvement in model accuracy, with R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    increasing by 0.08 to 0.17 compared to the unstratified models; (3) Spatial AGB patterns (27\u2013217 t\/ha in May 2023) revealed southwest\u2013northeast highs and northwest\u2013southeast lows, directly modulated by DGTHI-mapped heterogeneity. As the first integration of DGTHI into species-specific AGB inversion, this work provides a transferable paradigm for precision carbon mapping in topographically complex forests.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44212-026-00103-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:03:16Z","timestamp":1778025796000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stratified AGB inversion driven by DGTHI: quantifying topographic controls on biomass prediction across tree species"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Yihan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiangping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zilong","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jizhou","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"103_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aasen, H., Bendig, J., Bolten, A., et al. 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