{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T02:21:43Z","timestamp":1783131703969,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["42301224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42301224"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Hong Kong RGC Postdoctoral Fellowship Scheme","award":["PDFS2425-7H01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDFS2425-7H01"]}]},{"name":"Chan To-Haan Endowed Professorship Fund of the University of Hong Kong","award":["207060183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["207060183"]}]},{"name":"RGC General Research Fund","award":["17618125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17618125"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Urban Info"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Urban air mobility (UAM) promises to transform metropolitan transportation by enabling rapid, flexible, and terrain-independent travel. However, realizing its benefits requires a robust framework for siting vertiports. Existing studies often overlook UAM\u2019s unique network connection and under-integrating critical negative externalities such as noise exposure. Thus, this study proposes a comprehensive, multi-objective optimization framework for vertiport location planning, explicitly integrating four objectives: maximizing service coverage, maximizing network connectivity, minimizing noise exposure, and minimizing siting cost. Leveraging high-resolution spatial and mobility datasets for Shenzhen, China, we apply evolutionary framework to generate and analyze the full Pareto front of optimal deployment strategies. The results demonstrate that optimized site selection outperforms random baselines by over 35%\u201366% in service coverage and connectivity, while reducing both noise exposure and cost. Cluster analysis of Pareto-optimal solutions reveals distinct typologies of deployment strategies, enabling policymakers to align UAM planning with diverse urban priorities. Moreover, the identification of \u201ccore\u201d sites provides actionable guidance for phased, robust implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44212-026-00104-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T03:02:23Z","timestamp":1776222143000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Designing the future urban sky: a multi-objective framework for optimizing urban vertiport locations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Si","family":"Qiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinfeng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony Gar-On","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"104_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Antcliff, K. R., Moore, M. D., & Goodrich, K. H. (2016). Silicon valley as an early adopter for on-demand civil VTOL operations. 16th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference, Washington, D.C. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2514\/6.2016-3466","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2016-3466"},{"key":"104_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2021.106996","volume":"118","author":"H Bian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bian, H., Tan, Q., Zhong, S., & Zhang, X. (2021). Assessment of UAM and drone noise impact on the environment based on virtual flights. Aerospace Science and Technology, 118, Article 106996.","journal-title":"Aerospace Science and Technology"},{"key":"104_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jairtraman.2023.102460","volume":"112","author":"M Brunelli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brunelli, M., Ditta, C. C., & Postorino, M. N. (2023). New infrastructures for urban air mobility systems: A systematic review on vertiport location and capacity. Journal of Air Transport Management, 112, Article 102460.","journal-title":"Journal of Air Transport Management"},{"key":"104_CR4","first-page":"267","volume":"162","author":"JH Choi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Choi, J. H., & Park, Y. (2022). Exploring economic feasibility for airport shuttle service of urban air mobility (UAM). Transportation Research Part a: Policy and Practice, 162, 267\u2013281.","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part a: Policy and Practice"},{"key":"104_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Christian, A. W., & Cabell, R. (2017). Initial investigation into the psychoacoustic properties of small unmanned aerial system noise. 23rd AIAA\/CEAS aeroacoustics conference, Denver, Colorado. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2514\/6.2017-4051","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2017-4051"},{"key":"104_CR6","unstructured":"Department of Transport of Guangdong Province. (2024). \"Air taxi\" : shenzhen \u21cb zhuhai only 20 minutes! Retrieved July 17 from https:\/\/td.gd.gov.cn\/dtxw_n\/tpxw\/content\/post_4386179.html"},{"key":"104_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ei\u00dffeldt, H., Vogelpohl, V., Stolz, M., Papenfu\u00df, A., Biella, M., Belz, J., & K\u00fcgler, D. (2020). The acceptance of civil drones in Germany. CEAS Aeronautical Journal, 11(3), 665\u2013676.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13272-020-00447-w"},{"key":"104_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2019.09.020","author":"DN Fadhil","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fadhil, D. N., Moeckel, R., & Rothfeld, R. (2019). GIS-based infrastructure requirement analysis for an electric vertical take-off and landing vehicle-based transportation system. Transportation Research Procedia. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trpro.2019.09.020","journal-title":"Transportation Research Procedia"},{"key":"104_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2024.103661","volume":"189","author":"NP Farazi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Farazi, N. P., & Zou, B. (2024). Planning electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft (eVTOL)-based package delivery with community noise impact considerations. Transportation Research Part e: Logistics and Transportation Review, 189, Article 103661.","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part e: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"key":"104_CR10","unstructured":"Federal Aviation Administration (2022). Fundamentals of Noise and Sound. Retrieved July 17 from https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/regulations_policies\/policy_guidance\/noise\/basics"},{"key":"104_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commtr.2024.100118","volume":"4","author":"C Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo, C., Nie, J., Hang, X., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., & Delahaye, D. (2024). VTOL site location considering obstacle clearance during approach and departure. Communications in Transportation Research, 4, Article 100118.","journal-title":"Communications in Transportation Research"},{"key":"104_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2020.115651","volume":"489","author":"Doo Young Gwak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gwak, D. Y., Han, D., & Lee, S. (2020). Sound quality factors influencing annoyance from hovering UAV. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 489, 115651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsv.2020.115651","journal-title":"Journal of Sound and Vibration"},{"issue":"7","key":"104_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1068\/a291175","volume":"29","author":"SL Handy","year":"1997","unstructured":"Handy, S. L., & Niemeier, D. A. (1997). Measuring accessibility: An exploration of issues and alternatives. Environment and Planning a: Economy and Space, 29(7), 1175\u20131194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1068\/a291175","journal-title":"Environment and Planning a: Economy and Space"},{"issue":"2","key":"104_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3926\/jairm.403","volume":"13","author":"D Ison","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ison, D. (2023). Analysis of noise distributions at heliports and vertiports: A guide for site selection and land use planning. Journal of Airline and Airport Management, 13(2), 64\u201384.","journal-title":"Journal of Airline and Airport Management"},{"issue":"12","key":"104_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5729","DOI":"10.3390\/app11125729","volume":"11","author":"J Jeong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jeong, J., So, M., & Hwang, H.-Y. (2021). Selection of vertiports using K-means algorithm and noise analyses for urban air mobility (UAM) in the Seoul metropolitan area. Applied Sciences, 11(12), 5729.","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"104_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jatrs.2024.100006","volume":"2","author":"Z Jin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jin, Z., Ng, K. K., & Zhang, C. (2024). Robust optimisation for vertiport location problem considering travel mode choice behaviour in urban air mobility systems. Journal of the Air Transport Research Society, 2, Article 100006.","journal-title":"Journal of the Air Transport Research Society"},{"issue":"12","key":"104_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/drones6120412","volume":"6","author":"M-S Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim, M.-S., Hong, W.-H., Lee, Y.-H., & Baek, S.-C. (2022). Selection of take-off and landing sites for firefighter drones in urban areas using a GIS-based multi-criteria model. Drones, 6(12), Article 412.","journal-title":"Drones"},{"issue":"12","key":"104_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198119854091","volume":"2673","author":"S Labi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Labi, S., Faiz, A., Saeed, T. U., Alabi, B. N. T., & Woldemariam, W. (2019). Connectivity, accessibility, and mobility relationships in the context of low-volume road networks. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2673(12), 717\u2013727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0361198119854091","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"},{"issue":"1","key":"104_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1007\/s42405-018-0117-0","volume":"20","author":"E Lim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lim, E., & Hwang, H. (2019). The selection of vertiport location for on-demand mobility and its application to Seoul metro area. International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 20(1), 260\u2013272.","journal-title":"International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"104_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2013.848955","volume":"33","author":"J Lin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lin, J., & Ban, Y. (2013). Complex network topology of transportation systems. Transport Reviews, 33(6), 658\u2013685.","journal-title":"Transport Reviews"},{"key":"104_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.110392","volume":"149","author":"S Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu, S., Li, W., Li, H., & Li, S. (2025). Reinforcement learning based multi-perspective motion planning of manned electric vertical take-off and landing vehicle in urban environment with wind fields. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 149, Article 110392.","journal-title":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"104_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naser, F., Peinecke, N., & Schuchardt, B. I. (2021). Air taxis vs. taxicabs: A simulation study on the efficiency of UAM. AIAA Aviation 2021 Forum, 2021\u20133202.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2021-3202"},{"issue":"4","key":"104_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1007\/s13272-020-00468-5","volume":"11","author":"KO Ploetner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ploetner, K. O., Al Haddad, C., Antoniou, C., Frank, F., Fu, M., Kabel, S., Llorca, C., Moeckel, R., Moreno, A. T., Pukhova, A., Rothfeld, R., Shamiyeh, M., Straubinger, A., Wagner, H., & Zhang, Q. (2020). Long-term application potential of urban air mobility complementing public transport: An upper Bavaria example. CEAS Aeronautical Journal, 11(4), 991\u20131007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13272-020-00468-5","journal-title":"CEAS Aeronautical Journal"},{"key":"104_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2019.06.003","volume":"128","author":"Suchithra Rajendran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rajendran, S., & Zack, J. (2019). Insights on strategic air taxi network infrastructure locations using an iterative constrained clustering approach. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 128, 470\u2013505.","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"key":"104_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jairtraman.2022.102294","volume":"105","author":"S Rath","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rath, S., & Chow, J. Y. (2022). Air taxi skyport location problem with single-allocation choice-constrained elastic demand for airport access. Journal of Air Transport Management, 105, Article 102294.","journal-title":"Journal of Air Transport Management"},{"key":"104_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4ffer, B., Pieren, R., Heutschi, K., Wunderli, J. M., & Becker, S. (2021). Drone noise emission characteristics and noise effects on humans\u2014a systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(11), 5940.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115940"},{"key":"104_CR27","unstructured":"Shenzhen Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment. (2022). Shenzhen Special Economic Zone Environmental Noise Pollution Prevention Ordinance. Retrived December 28 from https:\/\/meeb.sz.gov.cn\/xxgk\/zcfg\/zcfg\/szhbfggz\/content\/post_10045163.html"},{"key":"104_CR28","unstructured":"Shenzhen Municipal Transportation Bureau, Municipal Industry and Information Technology Bureau, Municipal Development and Reform Commission (2024). High-Quality Construction Plan for Shenzhen Low-Altitude Take-off and Landing Facilities (2024\u20132025). Retrieved July 17 from https:\/\/jtys.sz.gov.cn\/gkmlpt\/content\/11\/11705\/post_11705846.html#1514"},{"key":"104_CR29","unstructured":"Shenzhen Transportation Bureau. (2023). Several Measures to Support the High-Quality Development of Low Altitude Economy in Shenzhen City. Retrived December 28 from https:\/\/jtys.sz.gov.cn\/zwgk\/xxgkml\/zcfgjjd\/zcfg\/content\/post_11076249.html"},{"key":"104_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dajour.2021.100013","volume":"2","author":"AA Sinha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sinha, A. A., & Rajendran, S. (2022). A novel two-phase location analytics model for determining operating station locations of emerging air taxi services. Decision Analytics Journal, 2, Article 100013.","journal-title":"Decision Analytics Journal"},{"key":"104_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2023.103686","volume":"118","author":"Q Tan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tan, Q., Bian, H., Guo, J., Zhou, P., Lo, H. K., Zhong, S., & Zhang, X. (2023). Virtual flight simulation of delivery drone noise in the urban residential community. Transportation Research Part d: Transport and Environment, 118, Article 103686.","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part d: Transport and Environment"},{"key":"104_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2024.109071","volume":"147","author":"Q Tan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tan, Q., Li, Y., Wu, H., Zhou, P., Lo, H. K., Zhong, S., & Zhang, X. (2024). Enhancing sustainable urban air transportation: Low-noise UAS flight planning using noise assessment simulator. Aerospace Science and Technology, 147, Article 109071.","journal-title":"Aerospace Science and Technology"},{"issue":"12","key":"104_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/infrastructures9120239","volume":"9","author":"V Volakakis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Volakakis, V., & Mahmassani, H. S. (2024). Vertiport infrastructure location optimization for equitable access to urban air mobility. Infrastructures, 9(12), Article 239.","journal-title":"Infrastructures"},{"issue":"2","key":"104_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1068\/b37096","volume":"40","author":"F Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang, F., & Tang, Q. (2013). Planning toward equal accessibility to services: A quadratic programming approach. Environment and Planning b: Planning & Design, 40(2), 195\u2013212.","journal-title":"Environment and Planning b: Planning & Design"},{"key":"104_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Li, J., Yuan, Y., & Lai, C. S. (2024). Optimizing Urban Air Mobility: A Ground-Connected Approach to Select Optimal eVTOL Takeoff and Landing Sites for Short-Distance Intercity Travel. IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology.","DOI":"10.1109\/OJVT.2024.3506277"},{"key":"104_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commtr.2025.100186","volume":"5","author":"H Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu, H., Zame, S. I., Guo, T., Lu, Q.-L., & Antoniou, C. (2025). A sustainable multi-objective framework for multi-phased, capacitated vertiport siting with land use integration. Communications in Transportation Research, 5, Article 100186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.commtr.2025.100186","journal-title":"Communications in Transportation Research"},{"key":"104_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Integrated network design and demand forecast for on-demand urban air mobility. Engineering, 7(4), 473-487.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2020.11.007"},{"key":"104_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2025.103474","volume":"163","author":"J Xie","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xie, J., Zhang, J., Yang, Z., Yu, T., & Xie, Y. (2025). Characterizing the spatial organization of urban functions using a distance-based colocation quotient approach: With special reference to Beijing. Habitat International, 163, Article 103474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.habitatint.2025.103474","journal-title":"Habitat International"},{"key":"104_CR39","unstructured":"Yedavalli, P., & Mooberry, J. (2019). An assessment of public perception of urban air mobility (UAM). Airbus.\u00a0https:\/\/www.airbus.com\/sites\/g\/files\/jlcbta136\/files\/2022-07\/Airbus-UTM-public-perception-study%20-urban-air-mobility.pdf."},{"key":"104_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, S., & Zhang, Y. (2015). Analysis of Network Accessibility. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Computer Engineering and Networks (pp. 1139\u20131146). Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-11104-9_131","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11104-9_131"},{"key":"104_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.142988","volume":"467","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., & Feng, T. (2024). Strategic integration of vertiport planning in multimodal transportation for urban air mobility: A case study in Beijing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 467, Article 142988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.142988","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"}],"container-title":["Urban Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44212-026-00104-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44212-026-00104-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44212-026-00104-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T03:02:39Z","timestamp":1776222159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44212-026-00104-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44212-026-00104-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-6963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-6963","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 January 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"12"}}