{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:28:41Z","timestamp":1785335321754,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748131200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum-Cent Intell Syst"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Traditional attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) interventions often struggle with scalability, requiring significant human resources to ensure individualized attention and real-time adaptability, as many existing tools rely on fixed content that cannot adjust to fluctuating user behaviors. Additionally, most current methods lack multi-modal interaction, limiting their ability to engage children effectively across speech, text, and visual feedback. This study explores the integration of ChatGPT-4o with robotic assistants to enhance personalization, engagement, and adaptability in ADHD therapy. Unlike pre-scripted or static therapy tools, ChatGPT-4o enables dynamic, real-time interactions tailored to individual needs, providing a more engaging and adaptable therapeutic experience. The results\u00a0validate its potential to deliver personalized, scalable, and responsive therapeutic support through AI-driven robotic assistants. Technical validation demonstrated inclusivity across diverse user profiles, achieving a 93% success rate in tailored interactions and maintaining stability in 91% of extreme input scenarios. Cross-platform tests confirmed high accuracy, while scalability assessments validated effective handling of multi-user interactions. Clinical evaluations over eight weeks indicated potential improvements in attention span (+ 28%) and reductions in hyperactivity (\u2212 22%), with high satisfaction ratings from therapists, caregivers, and teachers. These results establish ChatGPT as a promising tool for ADHD therapy, enhancing engagement, personalization, and scalability. Future directions include optimizing for younger users, deploying to real-world environments, and further interdisciplinary advancements to refine AI-driven therapeutic solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44230-025-00099-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T13:35:02Z","timestamp":1748180102000},"page":"230-245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Integrating AI into ADHD Therapy: Insights from ChatGPT-4o and Robotic Assistants"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5559-2056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Berrezueta-Guzman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohanad","family":"Kandil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"99_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fletcher JM. Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Dev Psychopathol. 2021;89\u2013118.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118686089.ch5"},{"key":"99_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064141","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1064141","volume":"13","author":"A Koutsoklenis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Koutsoklenis A, Honkasilta J. ADHD in the DSM-5-TR: what has changed and what has not. Front Psych. 2023;13:1064141.","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"issue":"1","key":"99_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054710365982","volume":"15","author":"AS Bell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bell AS. A critical review of ADHD diagnostic criteria: what to address in the DSM-V. J Atten Disord. 2011;15(1):3\u201310.","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"99_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054708326433","volume":"13","author":"L Barnard","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barnard L, Stevens T, To YM, Lan WY, Mulsow M. The importance of ADHD subtype classification for educational applications of DSM-V. J Atten Disord. 2010;13(6):573\u201383.","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"99_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(22)00381-9","volume":"7","author":"MH Sibley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sibley MH, Bruton AM, Zhao X, Johnstone JM, Mitchell J, Hatsu I, Arnold LE, Basu HH, Levy L, Vyas P, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2023;7(6):415\u201328.","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"99_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.10.007","volume":"120","author":"B Lambez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lambez B, Harwood-Gross A, Golumbic EZ, Rassovsky Y. Non-pharmacological interventions for cognitive difficulties in ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;120:40\u201355.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"99_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabald\u00f3n-P\u00e9rez A-M, Mart\u00edn-Ruiz M-L, D\u00edez-Mu\u00f1oz F, Dol\u00f3n-Poza M, M\u00e1ximo-Bocanegra N, Cruz I. The potential of digital screening tools for childhood ADHD in school environments: a preliminary study. Healthcare. 2023;11(20).","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11202795"},{"issue":"4","key":"99_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02000-7","volume":"28","author":"SJ Westwood","year":"2023","unstructured":"Westwood SJ, Parlatini V, Rubia K, Cortese S, Sonuga-Barke EJ. Computerized cognitive training in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with blinded and objective outcomes. Mol Psychiatry. 2023;28(4):1402\u201314.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"99_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1094-0","volume":"21","author":"S Graham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Graham S, Depp C, Lee EE, Nebeker C, Tu X, Kim H-C, Jeste DV. Artificial intelligence for mental health and mental illnesses: an overview. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019;21:1\u201318.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"99_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olawade DB, Wada OZ, Odetayo A, David-Olawade AC, Asaolu F, Eberhardt J. Enhancing mental health with artificial intelligence: current trends and future prospects. J Med Surg\u00a0Public Health. 2024;100099.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glmedi.2024.100099"},{"issue":"3","key":"99_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s11245-023-09932-3","volume":"42","author":"F Minerva","year":"2023","unstructured":"Minerva F, Giubilini A. Is AI the future of mental healthcare? Topoi. 2023;42(3):809\u201317.","journal-title":"Topoi"},{"key":"99_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.25159\/2958-3918\/15604","volume":"13","author":"KE Oladimeji","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oladimeji KE, Nyatela A, Gumede S, Dwarka D, Lalla-Edward ST. Impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on psychological and mental health promotion: an opinion piece. New Voices Psychol. 2023;13:12.","journal-title":"New Voices Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"99_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.15354\/si.23.co132","volume":"43","author":"P Darzi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Darzi P. Could artificial intelligence be a therapeutic for mental issues? Sci Insights. 2023;43(5):1111\u20133.","journal-title":"Sci Insights"},{"key":"99_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rakhymbayeva N, Seitkazina N, Turabayev D, Pak A, Sandygulova A. A long-term study of robot-assisted therapy for children with severe autism and ADHD. In: Companion of the 2020 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. 2020. p. 401\u20132.","DOI":"10.1145\/3371382.3378356"},{"key":"99_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3137082","volume":"10","author":"J Berrezueta-Guzman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Berrezueta-Guzman J, Robles-Bykbaev VE, Pau I, Pes\u00e1ntez-Avil\u00e9s F, Mart\u00edn-Ruiz M-L. Robotic technologies in ADHD care: literature review. IEEE Access. 2021;10:608\u201325.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"99_CR16","unstructured":"OpenAI. GPT-4o system card. arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.21276. 2024."},{"issue":"3","key":"99_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.4103\/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_112_23","volume":"65","author":"OP Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh OP. Artificial intelligence in the era of ChatGPT-opportunities and challenges in mental health care. Indian J Psychiatry. 2023;65(3):297\u20138.","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"99_CR18","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"A Shoghli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shoghli A, Darvish M, Sadeghian Y. Balancing innovation and privacy: ethical challenges in AI-driven healthcare. J Rev Med Sci. 2024;4(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"J Rev Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"99_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-023-01644-x","volume":"38","author":"A Trotta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Trotta A, Ziosi M, Lomonaco V. The future of ethics in AI: challenges and opportunities. AI Soc. 2023;38(2):439\u201341.","journal-title":"AI Soc"},{"issue":"11","key":"99_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13588","volume":"77","author":"S-W Cheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cheng S-W, Chang C-W, Chang W-J, Wang H-W, Liang C-S, Kishimoto T, Chang JP-C, Kuo JS, Su K-P. The now and future of ChatGPT and GPT in psychiatry. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2023;77(11):592\u20136.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"99_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.07.001","volume":"35","author":"SM Rabbitt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rabbitt SM, Kazdin AE, Scassellati B. Integrating socially assistive robotics into mental healthcare interventions: applications and recommendations for expanded use. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015;35:35\u201346.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"99_CR22","unstructured":"Tamdjidi R, Pag\u00e8s Billai D. ChatGPT as an assistive technology to enhance reading comprehension for individuals with ADHD. 2023."},{"key":"99_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medghalchi N, Rad AH, Mousavi MZ. The impact of using ChatGPT on improving focus in students with high cognitive functioning attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Neurosci. 12(1).","DOI":"10.5812\/ans-154348"},{"issue":"1","key":"99_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1080\/23794925.2020.1859960","volume":"6","author":"SW Evans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Evans SW, Beauchaine TP, Chronis-Tuscano A, Becker SP, Chacko A, Gallagher R, Hartung CM, Kofler MJ, Schultz BK, Tamm L, et al. The efficacy of cognitive videogame training for ADHD and what FDA clearance means for clinicians. Evid-Based Pract Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2021;6(1):116\u201330.","journal-title":"Evid-Based Pract Child Adolesc Ment Health"},{"key":"99_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaheer A, Akhtar A. Artificial intelligence as a support to diagnose ADHD: an insight of unorthodox approaches: a scoping review. Child Neuropsychol. 2025;1\u201335.","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2025.2468411"},{"issue":"26","key":"99_CR26","first-page":"1","volume":"30","author":"VA Canady","year":"2020","unstructured":"Canady VA. FDA approves first video game RX treatment for children with ADHD. Ment Health Wkly. 2020;30(26):1\u20137.","journal-title":"Ment Health Wkly"},{"key":"99_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarro-Soria I, Rico-Juan JR, Mier R, Lavigne-Cervan R. Prediction of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder based on explainable artificial intelligence. Appl Neuropsychol Child. 2024:1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2024.2336019"},{"issue":"1","key":"99_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s44202-024-00134-5","volume":"4","author":"S Ingibergsd\u00f3ttir","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ingibergsd\u00f3ttir S, L\u00e1rusd\u00f3ttir MK, Kaas MJ, Svavarsdottir EK. Group cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for university students with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a feasibility study. Discov Psychol. 2024;4(1):19.","journal-title":"Discov Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"99_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2024.2301774","volume":"78","author":"AC Andersen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Andersen AC, Sund AM, Thomsen PH, Lydersen S, Young S, N\u00f8vik TS. One year follow-up of participants in a randomised controlled trial of a CBT-based group therapy programme for adolescents diagnosed with ADHD. Nord J Psychiatry. 2024;78(3):189\u201397.","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"key":"99_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2024.104858","volume":"154","author":"AF Aldakhil","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aldakhil AF. Investigating the impact of an AI-based play activities intervention on the quality of life of school-aged children with ADHD. Res Dev Disabil. 2024;154: 104858.","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"99_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.3390\/su13052771","volume":"13","author":"D Est\u00e9vez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Est\u00e9vez D, Terr\u00f3n-L\u00f3pez M-J, Velasco-Quintana PJ, Rodr\u00edguez-Jim\u00e9nez R-M, \u00c1lvarez-Manzano V. A case study of a robot-assisted speech therapy for children with language disorders. Sustainability. 2021;13(5):2771.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"99_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25520","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3538323","volume":"13","author":"S Berrezueta-Guzman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Berrezueta-Guzman S, Dol\u00f3n-Poza M. Enhancing preschool language acquisition through robotic assistants: an evaluation of effectiveness, engagement, and acceptance. IEEE Access. 2025;13:25520\u201331.","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"99_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amato F, Di\u00a0Gregorio M, Monaco C, Sebillo M, Tortora G, Vitiello G. Socially assistive robotics combined with artificial intelligence for ADHD. In: 2021 IEEE 18th Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC). IEEE; 2021. p. 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC49032.2021.9369633"},{"issue":"3","key":"99_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.2866","volume":"51","author":"YH Lai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lai YH, Chang YC, Tsai CW, Lin CH, Chen MY. Data fusion analysis for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder emotion recognition with thermal image and internet of things devices. Softw Pract Exp. 2021;51(3):595\u2013606.","journal-title":"Softw Pract Exp"},{"issue":"9","key":"99_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6362","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2020.2970846","volume":"69","author":"P Arpaia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arpaia P, Duraccio L, Moccaldi N, Rossi S. Wearable brain\u2013computer interface instrumentation for robot-based rehabilitation by augmented reality. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas. 2020;69(9):6362\u201371.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Instrum Meas"},{"key":"99_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhanatkyzy A, Telisheva Z, Turarova A, Zhexenova Z, Sandygulova A. Quantitative results of robot-assisted therapy for children with autism, adhd and delayed speech development. In: Companion of the 2020 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, 2020, p. 541\u20132.","DOI":"10.1145\/3371382.3378254"},{"key":"99_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.598688","volume":"11","author":"H Kumazaki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumazaki H, Muramatsu T, Yoshikawa Y, Haraguchi H, Sono T, Matsumoto Y, Ishiguro H, Kikuchi M, Sumiyoshi T, Mimura M. Enhancing communication skills of individuals with autism spectrum disorders while maintaining social distancing using two tele-operated robots. Front Psychiatry. 2021;11:1641.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"99_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93450","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3093233","volume":"9","author":"J Berrezueta-Guzman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Berrezueta-Guzman J, Pau I, Mart\u00edn-Ruiz M-L, M\u00e1ximo-Bocanegra N. Assessment of a robotic assistant for supporting homework activities of children with ADHD. IEEE Access. 2021;9:93450\u201365.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"99_CR39","unstructured":"Vita S, Mennitto A. Neurobot: a psycho-edutainment tool to perform neurofeedback training in children with ADHD. In: PSYCHOBIT. 2019."},{"key":"99_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lalwani H, Saleh M, Salam H. A study companion for productivity: exploring the role of a social robot for college students with ADHD. In: Proceedings of the 2025 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, 2025, p. 1438\u201342.","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI61500.2025.10974238"},{"issue":"1","key":"99_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000002887","volume":"95","author":"S Humphrey-Murto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Humphrey-Murto S, Wood TJ, Gonsalves C, Mascioli K, Varpio L. The Delphi method. Acad Med. 2020;95(1):168.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"99_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berrezueta-Guzman S, Kandil M, Mart\u00edn-Ruiz M-L, Cruz I, Krusche S. Future of ADHD care: evaluating the efficacy of ChatGPT in therapy enhancement. Healthcare. 2024;12(6).","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12060683"},{"key":"99_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berrezueta-Guzman S, Kandil M, Mart\u00edn-Ruiz M-L, Cruz IP, Krusche S. Exploring the efficacy of robotic assistants with ChatGPT and Claude in enhancing ADHD therapy: innovating treatment paradigms. In: 2024 International Conference on Intelligent Environments (IE). IEEE; 2024. p. 25\u201332.","DOI":"10.1109\/IE61493.2024.10599903"},{"issue":"9","key":"99_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3561048","volume":"55","author":"R Dwivedi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dwivedi R, Dave D, Naik H, Singhal S, Omer R, Patel P, Qian B, Wen Z, Shah T, Morgan G, et al. Explainable AI (XAI): core ideas, techniques, and solutions. ACM Comput Surv. 2023;55(9):1\u201333.","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv"},{"key":"99_CR45","unstructured":"OpenAI. Introducing the realtime API. 2024. https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/introducing-the-realtime-api\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com. Accessed: 2024-11-26."},{"key":"99_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pande AK, Brantley P, Tanveer MH, Voicu RC. From AI to AGI-the evolution of real-time systems with GPT integration. In: SoutheastCon 2024. IEEE; 2024. p. 699\u2013707.","DOI":"10.1109\/SoutheastCon52093.2024.10500172"},{"key":"99_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2022.04.028","volume":"492","author":"YB Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh YB, Goel S. A systematic literature review of speech emotion recognition approaches. Neurocomputing. 2022;492:245\u201363.","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"99_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2012.00069","volume":"6","author":"MR Brown","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brown MR, Sidhu GS, Greiner R, Asgarian N, Bastani M, Silverstone PH, Greenshaw AJ, Dursun SM. ADHD-200 global competition: diagnosing ADHD using personal characteristic data can outperform resting state FMRI measurements. Front Syst Neurosci. 2012;6:69.","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"99_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anand S, Patra SR. Voice and text based sentiment analysis using natural language processing. In: Cognitive Informatics and Soft Computing: Proceeding of CISC 2021. Springer; 2022. p. 517\u201329.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-8763-1_42"},{"key":"99_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voigt P, Bussche A. The EU general data protection regulation (GDPR). A practical guide, 1st edn, vol 10, no 3152676. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2017. 10\u20135555.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57959-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"99_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.57.121304.131257","volume":"57","author":"R Nosowsky","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nosowsky R, Giordano TJ. The health insurance portability and accountability act of 1996 (HIPAA) privacy rule: implications for clinical research. Annu Rev Med. 2006;57(1):575\u201390.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"99_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krawczyk H, Paterson KG, Wee H. On the security of the TLS protocol: a systematic analysis. In: Annual Cryptology Conference. Springer; 2013. p. 429\u201348.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40041-4_24"}],"container-title":["Human-Centric Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44230-025-00099-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44230-025-00099-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44230-025-00099-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T15:32:52Z","timestamp":1757172772000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44230-025-00099-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["99"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44230-025-00099-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2667-1336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2667-1336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 May 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. Additionally, none of the authors are registered as reviewer or editors of the journal.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial registration"}}]}}