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When professionals employ linguistic labels to assess human failure occurrences, uncertainty and hesitation often occur. This work seeks to quantitatively analyze human errors using a new model based on hesitant fuzzy sets theory and the Cognitive reliability and error analysis method (CREAM). To enhance the traditional model, a dynamic weight adjustment mechanism is introduced to capture the time-varying importance of Common Performance Conditions (CPCs) across different phases of an accident. This model utilizes a structured expert assessment protocol (detailed in Appendix A) to collect data. The evaluations from three domain experts are recorded using a hesitant fuzzy matrix (HFM) to capture their hesitancy. The model then dynamically calculates CPC weights through a constrained optimization algorithm and derives a continuous HEP estimation formula. Finally, the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed DHFM-CREAM model are demonstrated by analyzing an electrical maloperation accident in a substation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44230-025-00116-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T13:16:23Z","timestamp":1763990183000},"page":"628-641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Dynamic Hesitant Fuzzy CREAM Approach for Quantifying Human Error in Substation Operation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6400-7322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"116_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.121041","volume":"260","author":"J Tao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tao J, Qiu D, Yang F, Duan Z. 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