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However, due to diverse real-world scenarios, many SCD categories are not easy to be clearly recognized, such as \u201cwater-vegetation\u201d and \u201cwater-tree\u201d, which can be regarded as fine-grained differences. In addition, even a single LCM category is usually difficult to define. For instance, some \u201cvegetation\u201d categories with litter vegetation coverage are easily confused with the general \u201cground\u201d category. SCD\/LCM becomes challenging under both challenges of its fine-grained nature and label ambiguity. In this paper, we tackle the SCD and LCM tasks simultaneously by proposing a coarse-to-fine attention tree (CAT) model. Specifically, it consists of an encoder, a decoder and a coarse-to-fine attention tree module. The encoder-decoder structure extracts the high-level features from input multi-temporal images first and then reconstructs them to return SCD and LCM predictions. Our coarse-to-fine attention tree, on the one hand, utilizes the tree structure to better model a hierarchy of categories by predicting the coarse-grained labels first and then predicting the fine-grained labels later. On the other hand, it applies the attention mechanism to capture discriminative pixel regions. Furthermore, to address label ambiguity in SCD\/LCM, we also equip a label distribution learning loss upon our model. Experiments on the large-scale SECOND dataset justify that the proposed CAT model outperforms state-of-the-art models. Moreover, various ablation studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of tailored designs in the CAT model for solving semantic change detection problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44267-023-00004-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T02:01:30Z","timestamp":1683511290000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["CAT: a coarse-to-fine attention tree for semantic change detection"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8200-1845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiu-Shen","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yu-Yan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chen-Lin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gui-Song","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yu-Xin","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"4_CR1","volume":"60","author":"K. 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