{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T19:21:48Z","timestamp":1757618508573,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NO. 62166006","NO. 52168011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO. 62166006","NO. 52168011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. King Saud Univ. Comput. Inf. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s44443-025-00120-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T10:48:17Z","timestamp":1751539697000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["GLEM: a global\u2013local enhancement method for fine-grained image recognition with attention erasure and multi-view cropping"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Chenglong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0924-9590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MingFang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MingRong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaobo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"120_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aloysius N, Geetha M (2017) A review on deep convolutional neural networks. 2017 International conference on communication and signal processing (ICCSP)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSP.2017.8286426"},{"key":"120_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2022.107462","volume":"203","author":"DC Amarathunga","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amarathunga DC, Ratnayake MN, Grundy J, Dorin A (2022) Fine-grained image classification of microscopic insect pest species: Western Flower thrips and Plague thrips. Comput Electron Agric 203:107462","journal-title":"Comput Electron Agric"},{"key":"120_CR3","unstructured":"Ashish V (2017) Attention is all you need. Adv Neural Inform Process Syst 30, I"},{"key":"120_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Branson S, Van Horn G, Belongie S, Perona P (2014) Bird species categorization using pose normalized deep convolutional nets. arXiv preprint arXiv:1406.2952","DOI":"10.5244\/C.28.87"},{"key":"120_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang D, Pang K, Zheng Y, Ma Z, Song YZ, Guo J (2021). Your\" flamingo\" is my\" bird\": Fine-grained, or not. Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.01131"},{"key":"120_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2022.108769","volume":"129","author":"X Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen X, Wang B, Gao Y (2022) Symmetric binary tree based co-occurrence texture pattern mining for fine-grained plant leaf image retrieval. Pattern Recogn 129:108769","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"key":"120_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen W, Wang P, Ren H, Sun L, Li Q, Yuan Y, Li X (2024) Medical image synthesis via fine-grained image-text alignment and anatomy-pathology prompting. International conference on medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-72390-2_23"},{"issue":"7","key":"120_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3298","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2022.3155440","volume":"29","author":"D Deng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Deng D, Wu Y, Shu X, Wu J, Fu S, Cui W, Wu Y (2022) VisImages: A fine-grained expert-annotated visualization dataset. IEEE Trans Visual Comput Graphics 29(7):3298\u20133311","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Visual Comput Graphics"},{"key":"120_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding Y, Zhou Y, Zhu Y, Ye Q, Jiao J (2019) Selective sparse sampling for fine-grained image recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF international conference on computer vision.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00670"},{"key":"120_CR10","unstructured":"Dosovitskiy A, Beyer L, Kolesnikov A, Weissenborn D, Zhai X, Unterthiner T, Dehghani M, Minderer M, Heigold G, Gelly S (2020) An image is worth 16x16 words: Transformers for image recognition at scale. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.11929"},{"key":"120_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge W, Lin X, Yu Y (2019) Weakly supervised complementary parts models for fine-grained image classification from the bottom up. Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00315"},{"key":"120_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge Y, Wang H, Zhu F, Zhao R, Li H (2020) Self-supervising fine-grained region similarities for large-scale image localization. Computer Vision\u2013ECCV 2020: 16th European Conference, Glasgow, UK, August 23\u201328, 2020, Proceedings, Part IV 16","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58548-8_22"},{"issue":"5","key":"120_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2018.2834480","volume":"29","author":"X He","year":"2018","unstructured":"He X, Peng Y, Zhao J (2018) Fast fine-grained image classification via weakly supervised discriminative localization. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 29(5):1394\u20131407","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol"},{"key":"120_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He J, Chen JN, Liu S, Kortylewski A, Yang C, Bai Y, Wang C (2022) Transfg: A transformer architecture for fine-grained recognition. Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v36i1.19967"},{"issue":"1s","key":"120_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3446208","volume":"17","author":"Y Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu Y, Liu X, Zhang B, Han J, Cao X (2021) Alignment Enhancement network for fine-grained<?brk?> visual categorization. ACM Trans Multimed Comput Commun Appl 17(1s):1\u201320","journal-title":"ACM Trans Multimed Comput Commun Appl"},{"key":"120_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Jin, X., Zhang, Y., Hong, H., Zhang, J., He, Y., & Xue, H. (2021). Rams-trans: Recurrent attention multi-scale transformer for fine-grained image recognition. Proceedings of the 29th ACM international conference on multimedia.","DOI":"10.1145\/3474085.3475561"},{"key":"120_CR17","first-page":"1","volume":"73","author":"T Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang T, Zhao L, Zhang Y, Tian J, Zhou W (2024) A lightweight fine-grained perception defect inspection network under multitask learning on highly reflective surface. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 73:1\u201310","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Instrum Meas"},{"key":"120_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang Y, Hechen Z, Zhou M, Li Z, Kwong S (2025) An Attention-Locating Algorithm for Eliminating Background Effects in Fine-grained Visual Classification. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology.","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2025.3535818"},{"key":"120_CR19","unstructured":"Khosla A, Jayadevaprakash N, Yao B, Li FF (2011) Novel dataset for fine-grained image categorization: Stanford dogs. Proc. CVPR workshop on fine-grained visual categorization (FGVC)"},{"key":"120_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krause J, Stark M, Deng J, & Fei-Fei L (2013) 3d object representations for fine-grained categorization. Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision workshops","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2013.77"},{"key":"120_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71541","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2919390","volume":"7","author":"H Lin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lin H, Hu Y, Chen S, Yao J, Zhang L (2019) Fine-grained classification of cervical cells using morphological and appearance based convolutional neural networks. IEEE Access 7:71541\u201371549","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"120_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2021.3135477","volume":"31","author":"M Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu M, Zhang C, Bai H, Zhang R, Zhao Y (2021) Cross-part learning for fine-grained image classification. IEEE Trans Image Process 31:748\u2013758","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"key":"120_CR23","unstructured":"Liu H, Zhang C, Deng Y, Xie B, Liu T, Li YF (2023) TransIFC: Invariant cues-aware feature concentration learning for efficient fine-grained bird image classification. IEEE Trans Multimedia"},{"key":"120_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2020.3020227","volume":"27","author":"W Luo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luo W, Zhang H, Li J, Wei X-S (2020) Learning semantically enhanced feature for fine-grained image classification. IEEE Signal Process Lett 27:1545\u20131549","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process Lett"},{"key":"120_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rios EA, Hu MC, Lai BC (2024) Global-Local Similarity for Efficient Fine-Grained Image Recognition with Vision Transformers. arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.12891","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS56072.2025.11043866"},{"key":"120_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13007-017-0265-4","volume":"13","author":"M \u0160ulc","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u0160ulc M, Matas J (2017) Fine-grained recognition of plants from images. Plant Methods 13:1\u201314","journal-title":"Plant Methods"},{"issue":"07","key":"120_CR27","first-page":"12047","volume":"34","author":"G Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun G, Cholakkal H, Khan S, Khan F, Shao L (2020) Fine-grained recognition: Accounting for subtle differences between similar classes. Proc AAAI Conf Artif Intell 34(07):12047\u201312054","journal-title":"Proc AAAI Conf Artif Intell"},{"key":"120_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun H, He X, Xu J, Peng Y (2024) SIM-OFE: Structure Information Mining and Object-Aware Feature Enhancement for Fine-Grained Visual Categorization. IEEE Trans Image Process","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2024.3459788"},{"key":"120_CR29","unstructured":"Wah C, Branson S, Welinder P, Perona P, Belongie S (2011) The caltech-ucsd birds-200\u20132011 dataset"},{"key":"120_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang S, Li H, Wang Z, Ouyang W (2021) Dynamic position-aware network for fine-grained image recognition. Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v35i4.16384"},{"key":"120_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang J, Xu Q, Jiang B, Luo B, Tang J (2024) Multi-Granularity Part Sampling Attention for Fine-Grained Visual Classification. IEEE Trans Image Process","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2024.3441813"},{"issue":"12","key":"120_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8927","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2021.3126648","volume":"44","author":"X-S Wei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wei X-S, Song Y-Z, Mac Aodha O, Wu J, Peng Y, Tang J, Yang J, Belongie S (2021) Fine-grained image analysis with deep learning: A survey. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 44(12):8927\u20138948","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"120_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9015","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2023.3244340","volume":"25","author":"Q Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu Q, Wang J, Jiang B, Luo B (2023) Fine-grained visual classification via internal ensemble learning transformer. IEEE Trans Multimedia 25:9015\u20139028","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Multimedia"},{"key":"120_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang N, Donahue J, Girshick R, Darrell T (2014) Part-based R-CNNs for fine-grained category detection. Computer Vision\u2013ECCV 2014: 13th European Conference, Zurich, Switzerland, September 6\u201312, 2014, Proceedings, Part I 13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10590-1_54"},{"key":"120_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Cao J, Zhang L, Liu X, Wang Z, Ling F, Chen W (2022) A free lunch from vit: Adaptive attention multi-scale fusion transformer for fine-grained visual recognition. ICASSP 2022\u20132022 IEEE International conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing (ICASSP).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP43922.2022.9747591"},{"key":"120_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng H, Fu J, Mei T, Luo J (2017) Learning multi-attention convolutional neural network for fine-grained image recognition. Proc IEEE Int Conf Comput Vision","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.557"},{"key":"120_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng H, Fu J, Zha ZJ, Luo J (2019) Looking for the devil in the details: Learning trilinear attention sampling network for fine-grained image recognition. Proc IEEE\/CVF Conf Comput Vision Pattern Recog","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00515"},{"issue":"07","key":"120_CR38","first-page":"13130","volume":"34","author":"P Zhuang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhuang P, Wang Y, Qiao Y (2020) Learning attentive pairwise interaction for fine-grained classification. Proc AAAI Conf Artif Intell 34(07):13130\u201313137","journal-title":"Proc AAAI Conf Artif Intell"}],"container-title":["Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00120-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00120-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00120-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T00:37:25Z","timestamp":1757205445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00120-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00120-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1319-1578"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2213-1248"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"101"}}