{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T14:43:41Z","timestamp":1778424221638,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. King Saud Univ. Comput. Inf. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s44443-025-00187-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T08:04:30Z","timestamp":1755504270000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["LightNet: a lightweight head pose estimation model for online education and its application to engagement assessment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinlong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhanbo","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weidong","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"187_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aghli N, Ribeiro E (2021) A data-driven approach to improve 3d head-pose estimation. In: Advances in Visual Computing: 16th International Symposium, ISVC 2021, Virtual Event, October 4-6, 2021, Proceedings, Part I, pp 546\u2013558. Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-90439-5_43"},{"key":"187_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.122293","volume":"239","author":"R Algabri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Algabri R, Shin H, Lee S (2024) Real-time 6dof full-range markerless head pose estimation. Expert Syst Appl 239:122293","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"issue":"9","key":"187_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12859","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-14048-8","volume":"82","author":"P Buono","year":"2023","unstructured":"Buono P, De Carolis B, D\u2019Errico F, Macchiarulo N, Palestra G (2023) Assessing student engagement from facial behavior in on-line learning. Multimed Tools Appl 82(9):12859\u201312877","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"187_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao Z, Chu Z, Liu D, Chen Y (2021) A vector-based representation to enhance head pose estimation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, pp 1188\u20131197","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV48630.2021.00123"},{"issue":"5","key":"187_CR5","first-page":"1642","volume":"32","author":"J Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen J, Fang B, Zhang H, Xue X (2024) A systematic review for mooc dropout prediction from the perspective of machine learning. Interact Learn Environ 32(5):1642\u20131655","journal-title":"Interact Learn Environ"},{"key":"187_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai Y, Gieseke F, Oehmcke S, Wu Y, Barnard K (2021) Attentional feature fusion. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, pp 3560\u20133569","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV48630.2021.00360"},{"key":"187_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai D, Wong W, Chen Z (2020) Rankpose: Learning generalised feature with rank supervision for head pose estimation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.10984","DOI":"10.5244\/C.34.105"},{"key":"187_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng J, Guo J, Zhou Y, Yu J, Kotsia I, Zafeiriou S (2019) Retinaface: Single-stage dense face localisation in the wild. arxiv 2019, 4. arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.00641","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00525"},{"issue":"5","key":"187_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.04.002","volume":"28","author":"AC Dirican","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dirican AC, G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk M (2012) Involuntary postural responses of users as input to attentive computing systems: An investigation on head movements. Comput Hum Behav 28(5):1634\u20131647","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"187_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong X-q, Yuan H, Xue H, Li Y, Jia L-y, Chen J-l, Shi Y, Zhang X-y (2023) Factors influencing college students\u2019 self-regulated learning in online learning environment: A systematic review. Nurse Education Today 106071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2023.106071"},{"key":"187_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104495","volume":"183","author":"I Dubovi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dubovi I (2022) Cognitive and emotional engagement while learning with vr: The perspective of multimodal methodology. Comput Educ 183:104495","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"187_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fredricks JA (2022) The measurement of student engagement: Methodological advances and comparison of new self-report instruments. In: Handbook of Research on Student Engagement, pp 597\u2013616. Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-07853-8_29"},{"key":"187_CR13","unstructured":"Gupta A, D\u2019Cunha A, Awasthi K, Balasubramanian V (2016) Daisee: Towards user engagement recognition in the wild. arxiv preprint arXiv:1609.01885"},{"issue":"18","key":"187_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28589","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-14392-3","volume":"82","author":"S Gupta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gupta S, Kumar P, Tekchandani R (2023) A multimodal facial cues based engagement detection system in e-learning context using deep learning approach. Multimed Tools Appl 82(18):28589\u201328615","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"187_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han K, Wang Y, Tian Q, Guo J, Xu C, Xu C (2020) Ghostnet: More features from cheap operations. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp 1580\u20131589","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00165"},{"key":"187_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2024.3378180","volume":"33","author":"T Hempel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hempel T, Abdelrahman AA, Al-Hamadi A (2024) Toward robust and unconstrained full range of rotation head pose estimation. IEEE Trans Image Process 33:2377\u20132387","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"issue":"sup1","key":"187_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2021.1916414","volume":"54","author":"LC Hensley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hensley LC, Iaconelli R, Wolters CA (2022) \u201cthis weird time we\u2019re in\u2019\u2019: How a sudden change to remote education impacted college students\u2019 self-regulated learning. J Res Technol Educ 54(sup1):203\u2013218","journal-title":"J Res Technol Educ"},{"key":"187_CR18","unstructured":"Howard AG (2017) Mobilenets: Efficient convolutional neural networks for mobile vision applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:1704.04861"},{"issue":"4","key":"187_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2018.2866770","volume":"21","author":"H-W Hsu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hsu H-W, Wu T-Y, Wan S, Wong WH, Lee C-Y (2018) Quatnet: Quaternion-based head pose estimation with multiregression loss. IEEE Trans Multimed 21(4):1035\u20131046","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Multimed"},{"issue":"5","key":"187_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10734-022-00880-2","volume":"85","author":"Y Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang Y, Wang S (2023) How to motivate student engagement in emergency online learning? evidence from the covid-19 situation. High Educ 85(5):1101\u20131123","journal-title":"High Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"187_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543221105550","volume":"93","author":"CC Johnson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Johnson CC, Walton JB, Strickler L, Elliott JB (2023) Online teaching in k-12 education in the united states: A systematic review. Rev Educ Res 93(3):353\u2013411","journal-title":"Rev Educ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"187_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04344-8","volume":"23","author":"SE Kassab","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kassab SE, Al-Eraky M, El-Sayed W, Hamdy H, Schmidt H (2023) Measurement of student engagement in health professions education: a review of literature. BMC Med Educ 23(1):354","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"187_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-024-10342-4","volume":"72","author":"F Ke","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ke F, Liu R, Sokolikj Z, Dahlstrom-Hakki I, Israel M (2024) Using eye-tracking in education: review of empirical research and technology. Education Tech Research Dev 72(3):1383\u20131418","journal-title":"Education Tech Research Dev"},{"key":"187_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2024.105308","volume":"152","author":"H Khan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khan H, Usman MT, Rida I, Koo J (2024) Attention enhanced machine instinctive vision with human-inspired saliency detection. Image Vis Comput 152:105308","journal-title":"Image Vis Comput"},{"key":"187_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2024.105195","volume":"149","author":"H Khan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khan H, Ullah I, Shabaz M, Omer MF, Usman MT, Guellil MS, Koo J (2024) Visionary vigilance: Optimized yolov8 for fallen person detection with large-scale benchmark dataset. Image Vis Comput 149:105195","journal-title":"Image Vis Comput"},{"key":"187_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2025.103165","volume":"121","author":"H Khan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Khan H, Usman MT, Koo J (2025) Bilateral feature fusion with hexagonal attention for robust saliency detection under uncertain environments. Inf Fusion 121:103165","journal-title":"Inf Fusion"},{"key":"187_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li X, Wang W, Hu X, Yang J (2019) Selective kernel networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp 510\u2013519","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00060"},{"issue":"15","key":"187_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12648-5","volume":"29","author":"X Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li X (2024) Eye-tracking research in interactive language learning environments: A systematic review. Educ Inf Technol 29(15):20383\u201320408","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"issue":"7","key":"187_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.41","volume":"34","author":"S Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li S, Xu C, Xie M (2012) A robust o (n) solution to the perspective-n-point problem. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 34(7):1444\u20131450","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"issue":"5","key":"187_CR30","first-page":"3474","volume":"41","author":"C Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li C, Weng X, Li Y, Zhang T (2025) Multimodal learning engagement assessment system: An innovative approach to optimizing learning engagement. Int J Human-Comput Interact 41(5):3474\u20133490","journal-title":"Int J Human-Comput Interact"},{"key":"187_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Z, Chen Z, Bai J, Li S, Lian S (2019) Facial pose estimation by deep learning from label distributions. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops, pp 0\u20130","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2019.00156"},{"issue":"1","key":"187_CR32","first-page":"53","volume":"1","author":"K Mirdad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mirdad K, Daeli OPM, Septiani N, Ekawati A, Rusilowati U (2024) Optimizing student engagement and performance usingai-enabled educational tools. J Comput Sci Technol Appl 1(1):53\u201360","journal-title":"J Comput Sci Technol Appl"},{"key":"187_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohayon S, Rivlin E (2006) Robust 3d head tracking using camera pose estimation. In: 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR\u201906), vol 1, pp 1063\u20131066. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2006.999"},{"issue":"3","key":"187_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s10984-022-09447-5","volume":"26","author":"SGT Ong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ong SGT, Quek GCL (2023) Enhancing teacher-student interactions and student online engagement in an online learning environment. Learning Environ Res 26(3):681\u2013707","journal-title":"Learning Environ Res"},{"issue":"17","key":"187_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52621","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-17533-w","volume":"83","author":"C Pabba","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pabba C, Kumar P (2024) A vision-based multi-cues approach for individual students\u2019 and overall class engagement monitoring in smart classroom environments. Multimed Tools Appl 83(17):52621\u201352652","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"issue":"6423","key":"187_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav7958","volume":"363","author":"J Reich","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reich J, Ruip\u00e9rez-Valiente JA (2019) The mooc pivot. Science 363(6423):130\u2013131","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"187_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz N, Chong E, Rehg JM (2018) Fine-grained head pose estimation without keypoints. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, pp 2074\u20132083","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2018.00281"},{"key":"187_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandler M, Howard A, Zhu M, Zhmoginov A, Chen L-C (2018) Mobilenetv2: Inverted residuals and linear bottlenecks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp 4510\u20134520","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00474"},{"key":"187_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schreiter T, Rudenko A, Magnusson M, Lilienthal AJ (2024) Human gaze and head rotation during navigation, exploration and object manipulation in shared environments with robots. In: 2024 33rd IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (ROMAN), pp 1258\u20131265. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/RO-MAN60168.2024.10731190"},{"key":"187_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2023.104784","volume":"199","author":"G Sung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sung G, Bhinder H, Feng T, Schneider B (2023) Stressed or engaged? addressing the mixed significance of physiological activity during constructivist learning. Comput Educ 199:104784","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"187_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2023.102013","volume":"101","author":"Y Tian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tian Y, Su D, Li S (2024) Adaptive robust loss for landmark detection. Inf Fusion 101:102013","journal-title":"Inf Fusion"},{"key":"187_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2024.110827","volume":"156","author":"J Wan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wan J, Liu H, Wu Y, Lai Z, Min W, Liu J (2024) Precise facial landmark detection by dynamic semantic aggregation transformer. Pattern Recogn 156:110827","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"key":"187_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang H, Sun H-M, Zhang W-L, Chen Y-X, Jia R-S (2025) Fann: a novel frame attention neural network for student engagement recognition in facial video. Visual Comput 1\u201315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-024-03768-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"187_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-021-09628-3","volume":"34","author":"ZY Wong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wong ZY, Liem GAD (2022) Student engagement: Current state of the construct, conceptual refinement, and future research directions. Educ Psychol Rev 34(1):107\u2013138","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"key":"187_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang T-Y, Chen Y-T, Lin Y-Y, Chuang Y-Y (2019) Fsa-net: Learning fine-grained structure aggregation for head pose estimation from a single image. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp 1087\u20131096","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00118"},{"key":"187_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang T-Y, Huang Y-H, Lin Y-Y, Hsiu P-C, Chuang Y-Y (2018) Ssr-net: A compact soft stagewise regression network for age estimation. In: IJCAI, vol 5, p 7","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2018\/150"},{"issue":"2","key":"187_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1080\/10963758.2021.1907195","volume":"35","author":"N Zapata-Cuervo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zapata-Cuervo N, Montes-Guerra MI, Shin HH, Jeong M, Cho M-H (2023) Students\u2019 psychological perceptions toward online learning engagement and outcomes during the covid-19 pandemic: A comparative analysis of students in three different countries. J Hospital Tourism Educ 35(2):108\u2013122","journal-title":"J Hospital Tourism Educ"},{"key":"187_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng L, Chen L, Bao W, Li Z, Xu Y, Yuan J, Kalantari NK (2023) 3d-aware facial landmark detection via multi-view consistent training on synthetic data. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp 12747\u201312758","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.01226"},{"key":"187_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang C, Liu H, Deng Y, Xie B, Li Y (2023) Tokenhpe: Learning orientation tokens for efficient head pose estimation via transformers. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp 8897\u20138906","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00859"},{"key":"187_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang H, Wang M, Liu Y, Yuan Y (2020) Fdn: Feature decoupling network for head pose estimation. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, vol 34, pp 12789\u201312796","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i07.6974"},{"issue":"9","key":"187_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4526","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2019.2911114","volume":"28","author":"H Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang H, Li Q, Sun Z (2019) Adversarial learning semantic volume for 2d\/3d face shape regression in the wild. IEEE Trans Image Process 28(9):4526\u20134540","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"key":"187_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang L, Park JY, Menon N, Ranade N, Yu B, Tan S (2025) Are you with us? a real-time engagement analytics with\u00a0machine learning in online learning environments. In: Stephanidis C, Antona M, Ntoa S, Salvendy G (eds) HCI International 2025 Posters. Springer, Cham, pp 444\u2013453","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-94153-5_44"},{"key":"187_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Gregson J (2020) Whenet: Real-time fine-grained estimation for wide range head pose. arxiv 2020. arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.10353","DOI":"10.5244\/C.34.189"},{"key":"187_CR54","unstructured":"Zhou H, Jiang F, Lu H (2023) Directmhp: Direct 2d multi-person head pose estimation with full-range angles. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.01110"}],"container-title":["Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00187-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00187-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00187-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T12:42:00Z","timestamp":1758112920000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00187-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00187-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1319-1578","type":"print"},{"value":"2213-1248","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest\/Competing interests"}},{"value":"The author has no competitive interest with members of the Editorial Committee and Editors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"166"}}