{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T15:49:13Z","timestamp":1763567353261,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. King Saud Univ. Comput. Inf. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s44443-025-00299-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T12:23:47Z","timestamp":1760963027000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distributed optimization for task offloading in hybrid edge networks: integrating D2D and LEO satellite resources"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mingding","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"299_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3227032","volume":"41","author":"X Cao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cao X, Yang B, Shen Y, Yuen C, Zhang Y, Han Z, Poor HV, Hanzo L (2023) Edge-assisted multi-layer offloading optimization of LEO satellite-terrestrial integrated networks. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 41(2):381\u2013398","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"299_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3158974","volume":"19","author":"X Dai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dai X, Xiao Z, Jiang H, Alazab M, Lui JCS, Dustdar S, Liu J (2023) Task co-offloading for d2d-assisted mobile edge computing in industrial internet of things. IEEE Trans Industr Inf 19(1):480\u2013490","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Industr Inf"},{"issue":"1","key":"299_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2022.3222910","volume":"17","author":"Y Ding","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ding Y, Feng Y, Lu W, Zheng S, Zhao N, Meng L, Nallanathan A, Yang X (2023) Online edge learning offloading and resource management for UAV-assisted MEC secure communications. IEEE J Sel Top Signal Process 17(1):54\u201365","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Top Signal Process"},{"issue":"4","key":"299_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2017.2787700","volume":"66","author":"J Du","year":"2017","unstructured":"Du J, Zhao L, Feng J, Chu X (2017) Computation offloading and resource allocation in mixed fog\/cloud computing systems with min-max fairness guarantee. IEEE Trans Commun 66(4):1594\u20131608","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Commun"},{"key":"299_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2024.111929","volume":"164","author":"Y Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo Y, Zamri NE, Kasihmuddin MSM, Alway A, Mansor MA, Li J, Zhang Q (2024) Dual optimization approach in discrete Hopfield neural network. Appl Soft Comput 164:111929","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"key":"299_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2025.111200","volume":"206","author":"Y Guo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guo Y, Kasihmuddin MSM, Zamri NE, Li J, Romli NA, Mansor MA, Ruzai WNA (2025) Logic mining method via hybrid discrete Hopfield neural network. Comput Ind Eng 206:111200","journal-title":"Comput Ind Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"299_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1109\/MMUL.2017.4031305","volume":"24","author":"M Hemmati","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hemmati M, McCormick B, Shirmohammadi S (2017) QoE-aware bandwidth allocation for video traffic using sigmoidal programming. IEEE Multimedia 24(4):80\u201390","journal-title":"IEEE Multimedia"},{"issue":"10, Part B","key":"299_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2022.08.026","volume":"34","author":"SZM Jamaludin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jamaludin SZM, Romli NA, Kasihmuddin MSM, Baharum A, Mansor MA, Marsani MF (2022) Novel logic mining incorporating log linear approach. J King Saud Univ - Comput Inform Sci 34(10, Part B):9011\u20139027","journal-title":"J King Saud Univ - Comput Inform Sci"},{"key":"299_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai P,\u00a0He Q,\u00a0Cui G,\u00a0Xia X,\u00a0Abdelrazek M,\u00a0Chen F,\u00a0Hosking J,\u00a0Grundy J,\u00a0Yang Y (2019) Edge user allocation with dynamic quality of service. In: Proceedings of international conference on service-oriented computing, pp\u00a086\u2013101","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33702-5_8"},{"issue":"6","key":"299_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5135","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2023.3349321","volume":"11","author":"DS Lakew","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lakew DS, Tran A-T, Dao N-N, Cho S (2024) Intelligent self-optimization for task offloading in LEO-MEC-assisted energy-harvesting-UAV systems. IEEE Trans Netw Sci Eng 11(6):5135\u20135148","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Netw Sci Eng"},{"key":"299_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3886","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2024.3418860","volume":"5","author":"Y Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin Y, Feng W, Wang Y, Chen Y, Zhu Y, Zhang X, Ge N, Gao Y (2024) Satellite-MEC integration for 6g internet of things: minimal structures, advances, and prospects. IEEE Open J Commun Soc 5:3886\u20133903","journal-title":"IEEE Open J Commun Soc"},{"key":"299_CR12","unstructured":"Li P, Wang Y, Wang Z, Wang T, Cheng J (2024) Joint task offloading and resource allocation strategy for hybrid MEC-enabled LEO satellite networks: a hierarchical game approach. IEEE Trans Commun 1\u20131"},{"issue":"3","key":"299_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2022.3153956","volume":"6","author":"H Long","year":"2022","unstructured":"Long H, Xu C, Zheng G, Sheng Y (2022) Socially-aware energy-efficient task partial offloading in MEC networks with d2d collaboration. IEEE Trans Green Commun Netw 6(3):1889\u20131902","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Green Commun Netw"},{"issue":"2","key":"299_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2022.3186792","volume":"7","author":"Y Lyu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lyu Y, Liu Z, Fan R, Zhan C, Hu H, An J (2023) Optimal computation offloading in collaborative LEO-IoT enabled MEC: a multiagent deep reinforcement learning approach. IEEE Trans Green Commun Netw 7(2):996\u20131011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Green Commun Netw"},{"key":"299_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mi X, He H, Shen H (2024) A multi-agent rl algorithm for dynamic task offloading in D2D-MEC network with energy harvesting. Sensors 24(9)","DOI":"10.3390\/s24092779"},{"issue":"1","key":"299_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1006\/game.1996.0044","volume":"14","author":"D Monderer","year":"1996","unstructured":"Monderer D, Shapley LS (1996) Potential games. Games Econom Behav 14(1):124\u2013143","journal-title":"Games Econom Behav"},{"issue":"8","key":"299_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4858","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3062616","volume":"20","author":"J Peng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peng J, Qiu H, Cai J, Xu W, Wang J (2021) D2d-assisted multi-user cooperative partial offloading, transmission scheduling and computation allocating for MEC. IEEE Trans Wireless Commun 20(8):4858\u20134873","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Wireless Commun"},{"issue":"17","key":"299_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15464","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3264206","volume":"10","author":"C Shang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shang C, Sun Y, Luo H, Guizani M (2023) Computation offloading and resource allocation in NOMA\u2013MEC: a deep reinforcement learning approach. IEEE Internet Things J 10(17):15464\u201315476","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"11","key":"299_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16449","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2024.3416300","volume":"25","author":"G Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun G, Wang Z, Su H, Yu H, Lei B, Guizani M (2024) Profit maximization of independent task offloading in MEC-enabled 5g internet of vehicles. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 25(11):16449\u201316461","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"issue":"11","key":"299_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9164","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3056569","volume":"8","author":"Q Tang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang Q, Fei Z, Li B, Han Z (2021) Computation offloading in LEO satellite networks with hybrid cloud and edge computing. IEEE Internet Things J 8(11):9164\u20139176","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"2","key":"299_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2022.3208819","volume":"7","author":"Z Tang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang Z, Yu K, Yang G, Cai LX, Zhou H (2023) New bridge to cloud: an ultra-dense LEO assisted green computation offloading approach. IEEE Trans Green Commun Netw 7(2):552\u2013564","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Green Commun Netw"},{"key":"299_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang S, Chen M, Yin C, Saad W, Hong CS, Cui S, Poor HV (2021) Federated learning for task and resource allocation in wireless high-altitude balloon networks. IEEE Internet Things J 8(24):17460\u201317475","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3080078"},{"issue":"11","key":"299_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19898","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3371049","volume":"11","author":"Z Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Z, Lin B, Ye Q, Fang Y, Han X (2024) Joint computation offloading and resource allocation for maritime MEC with energy harvesting. IEEE Internet Things J 11(11):19898\u201319913","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"299_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157300","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3486564","volume":"12","author":"B Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang B, Xie J, Huang D (2024) Computation offloading strategies for LEO satellite edge computing systems based on different multiple access methods. IEEE Access 12:157300\u2013157312","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"2","key":"299_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3206787","volume":"19","author":"H Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu H, Chen J, Nguyen TN, Tang H (2023) Lyapunov-guided delay-aware energy efficient offloading in iiot-mec systems. IEEE Trans Industr Inf 19(2):2117\u20132128","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Industr Inf"},{"key":"299_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu J, Zhuang X, Tang M, Gao L (2025) QoE-aware offloading and resource allocation for MEC-empowered AIGC services. IEEE Trans Mob Comput 1\u201318","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM55648.2025.11044689"},{"issue":"4","key":"299_CR27","first-page":"185","volume":"12","author":"B Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang B, Li G, Azahar AA, Kasihmuddin MSM, Gao Y, Abdeen S, Yu B (2025) Bran2sat: redundant satisfiability logic in Lyapunov-based discrete Hopfield neural network. J Comput Des Eng 12(4):185\u2013204","journal-title":"J Comput Des Eng"},{"key":"299_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.122307","volume":"240","author":"NE Zamri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zamri NE, Mansor MA, Kasihmuddin MSM, Sidik SS, Alway A, Romli NA, Guo Y, Jamaludin SZM (2024) A modified reverse-based analysis logic mining model with weighted random 2 satisfiability logic in discrete Hopfield neural network and multi-objective training of modified niched genetic algorithm. Expert Syst Appl 240:122307","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"issue":"12","key":"299_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10934","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3188302","volume":"21","author":"S Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang S, Gu H, Chi K, Huang L, Yu K, Mumtaz S (2022) Drl-based partial offloading for maximizing sum computation rate of wireless powered mobile edge computing network. IEEE Trans Wireless Commun 21(12):10934\u201310948","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Wireless Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"299_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4249","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3143425","volume":"71","author":"W Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang W, Zhang G, Mao S (2022) Joint parallel offloading and load balancing for cooperative-MEC systems with delay constraints. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 71(4):4249\u20134263","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"issue":"10","key":"299_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15483","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2024.3405642","volume":"73","author":"H Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang H, Zhao H, Liu R, Kaushik A, Gao X, Xu S (2024) Collaborative task offloading optimization for satellite mobile edge computing using multi-agent deep reinforcement learning. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 73(10):15483\u201315498","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"299_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2022.3228692","volume":"11","author":"D-G Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang D-G, Dong W-M, Zhang T, Zhang J, Zhang P, Sun G-X, Cao Y-H (2024) New computing tasks offloading method for MEC based on prospect theory framework. IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst 11(1):770\u2013781","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst"}],"container-title":["Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00299-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00299-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00299-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T15:45:17Z","timestamp":1763567117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00299-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00299-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1319-1578"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2213-1248"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"266"}}