{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T21:04:20Z","timestamp":1767647060901,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["61602513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61602513"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. King Saud Univ. Comput. Inf. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s44443-025-00358-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T12:34:56Z","timestamp":1764592496000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A novel multi-carrier visual cryptography scheme based on XOR and OR operations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8587-0942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengxin","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaopeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sensen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"358_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1006\/inco.1996.0076","volume":"129","author":"G Ateniese","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ateniese G, Blundo C, De Santis A, Stinson DR (1996) Visual cryptography for general access structures. Inf Comput 129(2):86\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/inco.1996.0076","journal-title":"Inf Comput"},{"key":"358_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chao K-Y, Lin J-C (2009) Secret image sharing: a Boolean-operations-based approach combining benefits of polynomial-based and fast approaches. Int J Pattern Recognit Artif Intell 23(02):263\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S0218001409007090","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218001409007090"},{"key":"358_CR3","unstructured":"Eli\u00a0Biham AI (1998) Visual cryptography with polarization"},{"key":"358_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao S, Ding S, Ho-Ching\u00a0Iu H, Erkan U, Toktas A, Simsek C, Wu R, Xu X, Cao Y, Mou J (2025b) A three-dimensional memristor-based hyperchaotic map for pseudorandom number generation and multi-image encryption. Chaos: Interdiscip J Nonlinear Sci 35(7):073105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0270220","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0270220"},{"key":"358_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao S, Ho-Ching I, H., Erkan, U., Simsek, C., Toktas, A., Cao, Y., Wu, R., Mou, J., Li, Q., Wang, C. (2025b) A 3d memristive cubic map with dual discrete memristors: design, implementation, and application in image encryption. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 35(8):7706\u20137718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCSVT.2025.3545868","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2025.3545868"},{"key":"358_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao S, Wu R, Iu HH, Erkan U, Cao Y, Li Q, Toktas A, Mou J (2025a) Chaos-based video encryption techniques: a review. Comput Sci Rev 58:100816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cosrev.2025.100816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2025.100816"},{"key":"358_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao S, Zhang Z, Iu HH-C, Ding S, Mou J, Erkan U, Toktas A, Li Q, Wang C, Cao Y (2025a) A parallel color image encryption algorithm based on a 2-d logistic-Rulkov neuron map. IEEE Internet Things J 12(11):18115\u201318124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3540097","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3540097"},{"key":"358_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao S, Zhang Z, Li Q, Ding S, Iu HH-C, Cao Y, Xu X, Wang C, Mou J (2025c) Encrypt a story: a video segment encryption method based on the discrete sinusoidal memristive Rulkov neuron. IEEE Trans Dependable Secure Comput 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TDSC.2025.3603570","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2025.3603570"},{"key":"358_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu CS, Tu SF, Hou YC (2006) An optimization model for visual cryptography schemes with unexpanded shares. In: International symposium on methodologies for intelligent systems","DOI":"10.1007\/11875604_8"},{"issue":"21","key":"358_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13883","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-016-3250-4","volume":"75","author":"H Hu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hu H, Shen G, Fu Z, Yu B, Wang J (2016) General construction for XOR-based visual cryptography and its extended capability. Multimedia Tools Appl 75(21):13883\u201313911","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools Appl"},{"key":"358_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jia X, Yu T, Luo X, Wang D, Zhou H (2024) Maximizing contrast in XOR-based visual cryptography schemes. IEEE Trans Circ Syst Video Technol 1\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCSVT.2024.3435724","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2024.3435724"},{"key":"358_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li X, Fu Z, Yu B (2023) XOR-based (k,n) visual cryptography scheme with meaningful shares. In: 2023 9th International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC), pp 782\u2013786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCC59590.2023.10507259","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCC59590.2023.10507259"},{"issue":"1","key":"358_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2009.2037660","volume":"5","author":"F Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu F, Wu C, Lin X (2010) Step construction of visual cryptography schemes. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 5(1):27\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2009.2037660","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur"},{"key":"358_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naor M, Pinkas B (1997) Visual authentication and identification. In: Kaliski BS (ed) Advances in cryptology \u2013 CRYPTO \u201997, pp 322\u2013336. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0052245"},{"key":"358_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naor M, Shamir A (1995) Visual cryptography. In: De Santis A (ed) Advances in cryptology \u2013 EUROCRYPT\u201994, pp 1\u201312. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0053419"},{"key":"358_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shen G, Liu F, Fu Z, Yu B (2017) Perfect contrast XOR-based visual cryptography schemes via linear algebra. Des Codes Crypt. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10623-016-0285-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10623-016-0285-5"},{"issue":"3","key":"358_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2011.2158096","volume":"6","author":"SJ Shyu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shyu SJ, Chen MC (2011) Optimum pixel expansions for threshold visual secret sharing schemes. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 6(3):960\u2013969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2011.2158096","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur"},{"key":"358_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tuyls P, Hollmannh D, Lintj H, Tolhuizen L (2005) Xor-based visual cryptography schemes. Des Codes Crypt. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10623-004-3816-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10623-004-3816-4"},{"key":"358_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuyls P, Kevenaar T, Schrijen G-J, Staring T, Dijk M (2004) Visual crypto displays enabling secure communications. In: Hutter D, M\u00fcller G, Stephan W, Ullmann M (eds) Security in pervasive computing, pp 271\u2013284. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-39881-3_23"},{"issue":"10","key":"358_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2014.2346014","volume":"9","author":"X Wu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wu X, Sun W (2014) Extended capabilities for XOR-based visual cryptography. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 9(10):1592\u20131605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2014.2346014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur"},{"issue":"11","key":"358_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2021.108122","volume":"186","author":"X Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu X, Yao P, An N (2021) Extended XOR-based visual cryptography schemes by integer linear program. Signal Process 186(11):108122","journal-title":"Signal Process"},{"issue":"1","key":"358_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2022.3199047","volume":"33","author":"X Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu X, An N, Xu Z (2023) Sharing multiple secrets in XOR-based visual cryptography by non-monotonic threshold property. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 33(1):88\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCSVT.2022.3199047","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"358_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2003.12.011","volume":"25","author":"C-N Yang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yang C-N (2004) New visual secret sharing schemes using probabilistic method. Pattern Recogn Lett 25(4):481\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patrec.2003.12.011","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"358_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2013.2276708","volume":"24","author":"C-N Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang C-N, Wang D-S (2014) Property analysis of XOR-based visual cryptography. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 24(2):189\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCSVT.2013.2276708","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"358_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxm118","volume":"51","author":"C-N Yang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yang C-N, Wang C-C, Chen T-S (2008) Visual cryptography schemes with reversing. Comput J 51(6):710\u2013722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/comjnl\/bxm118","journal-title":"Comput J"},{"key":"358_CR26","unstructured":"Yu B (2014) Visual cryptography. Visual cryptography"},{"key":"358_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2021.103408","volume":"82","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Fu F-W (2022) A contrast improved or and XOR based (k, n) visual cryptography scheme without pixel expansion. J Vis Commun Image Represent 82:103408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvcir.2021.103408","journal-title":"J Vis Commun Image Represent"},{"key":"358_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhengxin F, Yuqiao C, Bin Y (2018) Perfect recovery of XOR-based visual cryptography scheme. Multimedia Tools Appl 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-018-6364-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-018-6364-z"}],"container-title":["Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00358-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00358-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00358-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T18:47:56Z","timestamp":1767638876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00358-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00358-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1319-1578"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2213-1248"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest"}}],"article-number":"346"}}