{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T11:49:28Z","timestamp":1773229768312,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":32,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["3282025042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3282025042"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. King Saud Univ. Comput. Inf. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s44443-025-00367-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T06:44:10Z","timestamp":1766731450000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A lightweight threshold signature scheme for internet of things devices"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Kaili","family":"Dou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"367_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrawal S, Stehl\u00e9 D, Yadav A (2022) Round-optimal lattice-based threshold signatures, revisited. Cryptology ePrint Archive","DOI":"10.1145\/3548606.3560650"},{"issue":"4","key":"367_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2444095","volume":"17","author":"A Al-Fuqaha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Al-Fuqaha A, Guizani M, Mohammadi M, Aledhari M, Ayyash M (2015) Internet of things: a survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. IEEE Commun Survey Tutor 17(4):2347\u20132376","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Survey Tutor"},{"issue":"15","key":"367_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2010.05.010","volume":"54","author":"L Atzori","year":"2010","unstructured":"Atzori L, Iera A, Morabito G (2010) The internet of things: A survey. Comput Netw 54(15):2787\u20132805","journal-title":"Comput Netw"},{"key":"367_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bacho R, Loss J, Stern G, Wagner B (2024) Harts: High-threshold, adaptively secure, and robust threshold schnorr signatures. In: International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security. Springer, pp 104\u2013140","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-96-0891-1_4"},{"key":"367_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barker E, Kelsey J (2015) Recommendation for random bit generation using deterministic random bit generators. Special Publication 800-90A Rev. 1, National Institute of Standards and Technology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6028\/NIST.SP.800-90Ar1. https:\/\/nvlpubs.nist.gov\/nistpubs\/SpecialPublications\/NIST.SP.800-90Ar1.pdf","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.800-90Ar1"},{"key":"367_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellare M, Rogaway P (1993) Random oracles are practical: a paradigm for designing efficient protocols. In: Proceedings of the 1st ACM conference on computer and communications security. pp 62\u201373","DOI":"10.1145\/168588.168596"},{"key":"367_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernstein DJ, H\u00fclsing A, K\u00f6lbl S, Niederhagen R, Rijneveld J, Schwabe P (2019) The sphincs+ signature framework. In: Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC conference on computer and communications security. pp 2129\u20132146","DOI":"10.1145\/3319535.3363229"},{"key":"367_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boldyreva A (2002) Threshold signatures, multisignatures and blind signatures based on the gap-diffie-hellman-group signature scheme. In: International workshop on public key cryptography. Springer, pp 31\u201346","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-36288-6_3"},{"issue":"3","key":"367_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2941586","volume":"16","author":"V Bolgouras","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bolgouras V, Ntantogian C, Panaousis E, Xenakis C (2019) Distributed key management in microgrids. IEEE Trans Industr Inf 16(3):2125\u20132133","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Industr Inf"},{"key":"367_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boneh D, Drijvers M, Neven G (2018) Compact multi-signatures for smaller blockchains. In: International conference on the theory and application of cryptology and information security. Springer, pp 435\u2013464","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-03329-3_15"},{"key":"367_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boneh D, Gennaro R, Goldfeder S (2017) Using level-1 homomorphic encryption to improve threshold dsa signatures for bitcoin wallet security. In: International conference on cryptology and information security in Latin America. Springer, pp 352\u2013377","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-25283-0_19"},{"key":"367_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boneh D, Gennaro R, Goldfeder S, Jain A, Kim S, Rasmussen PM, Sahai A (2018) Threshold cryptosystems from threshold fully homomorphic encryption. In: Advances in Cryptology\u2013CRYPTO 2018: 38th Annual International Cryptology Conference, Santa Barbara, CA, USA, August 19\u201323, 2018, Proceedings, Part I 38. Springer, pp 565\u2013596","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96884-1_19"},{"key":"367_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boneh D, Gentry C, Lynn B, Shacham H (2003) Aggregate and verifiably encrypted signatures from bilinear maps. In: Advances in Cryptology\u2013EUROCRYPT 2003: international conference on the theory and applications of cryptographic techniques, Warsaw, Poland, May 4\u20138, 2003 Proceedings 22. Springer, pp 416\u2013432","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-39200-9_26"},{"key":"367_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boneh D, Komlo C (2022) Threshold signatures with private accountability. In: Annual International Cryptology Conference. Springer, pp 551\u2013581","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-15985-5_19"},{"key":"367_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s001459910006","volume":"13","author":"R Canetti","year":"2000","unstructured":"Canetti R (2000) Security and composition of multiparty cryptographic protocols. J Cryptol 13:143\u2013202","journal-title":"J Cryptol"},{"key":"367_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaum D, Van\u00a0Heyst E (1991) Group signatures. In: Advances in Cryptology\u2013EUROCRYPT\u201991: workshop on the theory and application of cryptographic techniques Brighton, UK, April 8\u201311, 1991 Proceedings 10. Springer, pp 257\u2013265","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-46416-6_22"},{"key":"367_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cozzo D, Smart NP (2019) Sharing the luov: threshold post-quantum signatures. In: IMA international conference on cryptography and coding. Springer, pp 128\u2013153","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-35199-1_7"},{"key":"367_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De\u00a0Santis A, Desmedt Y, Frankel Y, Yung M (1994) How to share a function securely. In: Proceedings of the twenty-sixth annual ACM symposium on theory of computing. pp 522\u2013533","DOI":"10.1145\/195058.195405"},{"key":"367_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desmedt Y (1987) Society and group oriented cryptography: a new concept. In: Conference on the theory and application of cryptographic techniques. Springer, pp 120\u2013127","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48184-2_8"},{"key":"367_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desmedt Y (1992) Threshold cryptosystems. In: International workshop on the theory and application of cryptographic techniques. Springer, pp 1\u201314","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-57220-1_47"},{"key":"367_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ducas L, Kiltz E, Lepoint T, Lyubashevsky V, Schwabe P, Seiler G, Stehl\u00e9 D (2018) Crystals-dilithium: a lattice-based digital signature scheme. IACR transactions on cryptographic hardware and embedded systems. pp 238\u2013268","DOI":"10.46586\/tches.v2018.i1.238-268"},{"key":"367_CR22","volume-title":"FALCON: Fast-fourier lattice-based compact signatures over NTRU","author":"P-A Fouque","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fouque P-A, Hoffstein J, Kirchner P, Lyubashevsky V, Pornin T, Prest T, Ricosset T, Seiler G, Whyte W, Zhang Z (2019) FALCON: Fast-fourier lattice-based compact signatures over NTRU. Technical report, IBM Research"},{"key":"367_CR23","unstructured":"G\u0105gol A, Kula J, Straszak D, \u015awi\u0119tek M (2020) Threshold ecdsa for decentralized asset custody. Cryptology ePrint Archive"},{"key":"367_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garg S, Jain A, Mukherjee P, Sinha R, Wang M, Zhang Y (2024) hints: Threshold signatures with silent setup. In: 2024 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP). IEEE, pp 3034\u20133052","DOI":"10.1109\/SP54263.2024.00057"},{"key":"367_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2022.103455","volume":"123","author":"AM Garipcan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garipcan AM, Erdem E (2022) Dessb-trng: a novel true random number generator using data encryption standard substitution box as post-processing. Digital Signal Process 123:103455","journal-title":"Digital Signal Process"},{"key":"367_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s001459910011","volume":"13","author":"R Gennaro","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gennaro R, Rabin T, Jarecki S, Krawczyk H (2000) Robust and efficient sharing of rsa functions. J Cryptol 13:273\u2013300","journal-title":"J Cryptol"},{"key":"367_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gennaro R, Goldfeder S (2018) Fast multiparty threshold ecdsa with fast trustless setup. In: Proceedings of the 2018 ACM SIGSAC conference on computer and communications security. pp 1179\u20131194","DOI":"10.1145\/3243734.3243859"},{"key":"367_CR28","unstructured":"Gennaro R, Goldfeder S (2020) One round threshold ecdsa with identifiable abort. Cryptology ePrint Archive"},{"key":"367_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gennaro R, Halevi S, Krawczyk H, Rabin T (2008) Threshold rsa for dynamic and ad-hoc groups. In: Annual international conference on the theory and applications of cryptographic techniques. Springer, pp 88\u2013107","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-78967-3_6"},{"key":"367_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gennaro R, Jarecki S, Krawczyk H, Rabin T (2003) Secure applications of pedersen\u2019s distributed key generation protocol. In: Topics in Cryptology\u2013CT-RSA 2003: The Cryptographers\u2019 Track at the RSA Conference 2003 San Francisco, CA, USA, April 13\u201317, 2003 Proceedings. Springer, pp 373\u2013390","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-36563-X_26"},{"key":"367_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldreich O (2011) Three xor-lemmas\u2013an exposition. Studies in Complexity and Cryptography. Miscellanea on the Interplay between Randomness and Computation: In: Collaboration with Lidor Avigad, Mihir Bellare, Zvika Brakerski, Shafi Goldwasser, Shai Halevi, Tali Kaufman, Leonid Levin, Noam Nisan, Dana Ron, Madhu Sudan, Luca Trevisan, Salil Vadhan, Avi Wigderson, David Zuckerman. pp 248\u2013272","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-22670-0_22"},{"key":"367_CR32","unstructured":"Goldwasser, S., Bellare, M.: Lecture notes on cryptography. Summer course \u201cCryptography and computer security\u201d at MIT. 1999, 1999 (1996)"},{"issue":"6","key":"367_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.12.000377","volume":"12","author":"O Kafri","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kafri O, Keren E (1987) Encryption of pictures and shapes by random grids. Opt Lett 12(6):377\u2013379","journal-title":"Opt Lett"},{"key":"367_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khaburzaniya I, Chalkias K, Lewi K, Malvai H (2022) Aggregating and thresholdizing hash-based signatures using starks. In: Proceedings of the 2022 ACM on Asia conference on computer and communications security. pp 393\u2013407","DOI":"10.1145\/3488932.3524128"},{"key":"367_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komlo C, Goldberg I (2020) Frost: Flexible round-optimized schnorr threshold signatures. In: International conference on selected areas in cryptography. Springer, pp 34\u201365","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-81652-0_2"},{"key":"367_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komlo C, Goldberg I (2025) Arctic: lightweight and stateless threshold schnorr signatures. In: IACR international conference on public-key cryptography. Springer, pp 234\u2013267","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-91832-2_8"},{"key":"367_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krawczyk H (1993) Secret sharing made short. In: Annual international cryptology conference. Springer, pp 136\u2013146","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48329-2_12"},{"key":"367_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krawczyk H (2000) Simple forward-secure signatures from any signature scheme. In: Proceedings of the 7th ACM conference on computer and communications security. pp 108\u2013115","DOI":"10.1145\/352600.352617"},{"key":"367_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"La\u00a0Manna M, Perazzo P, Treccozzi L, Dini G (2021) Assessing the cost of quantum security for automotive over-the-air updates. In: 2021 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC). IEEE, pp 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC53001.2021.9631426"},{"key":"367_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2023.3347968","volume":"19","author":"M Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li M, Ding H, Wang Q, Zhang M, Meng W, Zhu L, Zhang Z, Lin X (2023) Decentralized threshold signatures with dynamically private accountability. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 19:2217\u20132230","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur"},{"issue":"9","key":"367_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10623-019-00608-x","volume":"87","author":"G Maxwell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maxwell G, Poelstra A, Seurin Y, Wuille P (2019) Simple Schnorr multi-signatures with applications to bitcoin. Des Codes Crypt 87(9):2139\u20132164","journal-title":"Des Codes Crypt"},{"issue":"5","key":"367_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8182","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2935189","volume":"6","author":"F Meneghello","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meneghello F, Calore M, Zucchetto D, Polese M, Zanella A (2019) Iot: Internet of threats? a survey of practical security vulnerabilities in real iot devices. IEEE Internet Things J 6(5):8182\u20138201","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"367_CR43","unstructured":"National Institute of Standards and Technology (2016) Post-Quantum Cryptography Project. https:\/\/csrc.nist.gov\/Projects\/Post-Quantum-Cryptography"},{"key":"367_CR44","unstructured":"National Institute of Standards and Technology (2018\u2013Present) title = Multi-Party Threshold Cryptography (NIST Project). https:\/\/csrc.nist.gov\/Projects\/threshold-cryptography"},{"key":"367_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"National Institute of Standards and Technology(2015) Secure hash standard (SHS). FIPS PUB 180-4, U.S. Department of Commerce. Current version. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6028\/NIST.FIPS.180-4","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.FIPS.180-4"},{"key":"367_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nick J, Ruffing T, Seurin Y (2021) Musig2: Simple two-round schnorr multi-signatures. In: Annual international cryptology conference. Springer, pp 189\u2013221","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-84242-0_8"},{"key":"367_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabin T (1998) A simplified approach to threshold and proactive rsa. In: Advances in Cryptology\u2013CRYPTO\u201998: 18th Annual International Cryptology Conference Santa Barbara, California, USA August 23\u201327, 1998 Proceedings 18. Springer, pp 89\u2013104","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0055722"},{"key":"367_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165178","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3022981","volume":"8","author":"F Rinaldi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rinaldi F, Maattanen H-L, Torsner J, Pizzi S, Andreev S, Iera A, Koucheryavy Y, Araniti G (2020) Non-terrestrial networks in 5g & beyond: a survey. IEEE Access 8:165178\u2013165200","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"367_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2021.3116896","volume":"16","author":"R Saha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saha R, Kumar G, Devgun T, Buchanan WJ, Thomas R, Alazab M, Hoon-Kim T, Rodrigues JJ (2021) A blockchain framework in post-quantum decentralization. IEEE Trans Serv Comput 16(1):1\u201312","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Serv Comput"},{"key":"367_CR50","unstructured":"Sedghighadikolaei K, Yavuz AA (2023) A comprehensive survey of threshold signatures: Nist standards, post-quantum cryptography, exotic techniques, and real-world applications. arXiv:2311.05514"},{"issue":"11","key":"367_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1145\/359168.359176","volume":"22","author":"A Shamir","year":"1979","unstructured":"Shamir A (1979) How to share a secret. Commun ACM 22(11):612\u2013613","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"key":"367_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shoup V (2000) Practical threshold signatures. In: Advances in Cryptology\u2013EUROCRYPT 2000: international conference on the theory and application of cryptographic techniques Bruges, Belgium, May 14\u201318, 2000 Proceedings 19. Springer, pp 207\u2013220","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45539-6_15"},{"key":"367_CR53","first-page":"1","volume":"30","author":"C Stathakopoulou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stathakopoulou C, Cachin C (2017) Threshold signatures for blockchain systems. Swiss Fed Inst Technol 30:1","journal-title":"Swiss Fed Inst Technol"},{"key":"367_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stinson DR, Strobl R (2001) Provably secure distributed schnorr signatures and a (t, n) threshold scheme for implicit certificates. In: Australasian Conference on Information Security and Privacy. Springer, pp 417\u2013434","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-47719-5_33"},{"key":"367_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tessaro S, Zhu C (2023) Threshold and multi-signature schemes from linear hash functions. In: Annual international conference on the theory and applications of cryptographic techniques. Springer, pp 628\u2013658","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-30589-4_22"},{"key":"367_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomescu A, Chen R, Zheng Y, Abraham I, Pinkas B, Gueta GG, Devadas S (2020) Towards scalable threshold cryptosystems. In: 2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP). IEEE, pp 877\u2013893","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40000.2020.00059"},{"key":"367_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yavuz AA, Nouma SE, Hoang T, Earl D, Packard S (2022) Distributed cyber-infrastructures and artificial intelligence in hybrid post-quantum era. In: 2022 IEEE 4th International Conference on Trust, Privacy and Security in Intelligent Systems, and Applications (TPS-ISA). IEEE, pp 29\u201338","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS-ISA56441.2022.00014"},{"issue":"4","key":"367_CR58","first-page":"965","volume":"10","author":"H Yu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yu H, Zhang Q (2024) Certificateless threshold signature from lattice. Dig Commun Netw 10(4):965\u2013972","journal-title":"Dig Commun Netw"}],"container-title":["Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00367-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00367-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00367-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T14:39:48Z","timestamp":1773153588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00367-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00367-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1319-1578","type":"print"},{"value":"2213-1248","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"38"}}