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To this end, we propose\n                    <jats:italic>HiveNet<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a novel hybrid interconnect architecture based on dual-port nodes and arrayed waveguide grating routers (AWGRs).\n                    <jats:italic>HiveNet<\/jats:italic>\n                    integrates low-radix electrical switches at lower layers to reduce cable complexity and construction costs, while AWGR-based optical connections at upper layers ensure fast switching and high bandwidth. The dual-port capability enables robust fault tolerance and supports all communication types (node-switch and node-node). Furthermore, a customized routing algorithm significantly enhances performance. Simulations conducted under various traffic patterns demonstrate that\n                    <jats:italic>HiveNet<\/jats:italic>\n                    achieves controlled delay and superior aggregate throughput. For large-scale networks (with 104,976 nodes at 10 Gb\/s),\n                    <jats:italic>HiveNet<\/jats:italic>\n                    reduces construction costs by 49.3%, 26.4%, 32.7%, 54.1%, and 59.3% compared to\n                    <jats:italic>Fat<\/jats:italic>\n                    -\n                    <jats:italic>Tree<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    -\n                    <jats:italic>LION<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Leaf<\/jats:italic>\n                    -\n                    <jats:italic>Spine<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>BCube<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Lotus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , respectively. Additionally,\n                    <jats:italic>HiveNet<\/jats:italic>\n                    decreases power consumption by 34.8%, 48.2%, 29.8%, and 23.1% compared to\n                    <jats:italic>Fat<\/jats:italic>\n                    -\n                    <jats:italic>Tree<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>BCube<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Leaf<\/jats:italic>\n                    -\n                    <jats:italic>Spine<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Lotus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , respectively.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44443-025-00377-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T12:53:39Z","timestamp":1764161619000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["HiveNet: a high-performance, hybrid, and cost-effective architecture for data center networks"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5248-3046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moeen","family":"AL-Makhlafi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mutasem K.","family":"Alsmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eiad","family":"Almekhlafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad AL","family":"Smadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman A.","family":"ALKannad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fuhui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"377_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1145\/1402946.1402967","volume":"38","author":"M Al-Fares","year":"2008","unstructured":"Al-Fares M, Loukissas A, Vahdat A (2008) A scalable, commodity data center network architecture. 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