{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T06:38:55Z","timestamp":1778740735551,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":33,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019345","name":"King Salman Center for Disability Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KSRG-2024- 238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KSRG-2024- 238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019345","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. King Saud Univ. Comput. Inf. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s44443-025-00395-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T08:04:43Z","timestamp":1766736283000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Revolutionizing sign language recognition for hearing-impaired persons using ensemble of deep learning techniques with fine tuning model"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Bayan","family":"Alabduallah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amani A.","family":"Alneil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"395_CR1","first-page":"18","volume":"116","author":"SR Agarwal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Agarwal SR, Agrawal SB, Latif AM (2015) Sentence formation in an NLP engine based on Indian Sign Language using hand gestures. Int J Comput Appl 116:18\u201322","journal-title":"Int J Comput Appl"},{"key":"395_CR2","unstructured":"Allur NS (2020) Enhanced performance management in mobile networks: A big data framework incorporating DBSCAN speed anomaly detection and CCR efficiency assessment.\u00a0Journal of Current Science,\u00a08(4)."},{"key":"395_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alqahtani H, Aldehim G, Alruwais N, Assiri M, Alneil AA, & Mohamed A (2024) Leveraging electrocardiography signals for a deep learning-driven cardiovascular disease classification model. Heliyon, 10(16).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e35621"},{"key":"395_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/computers11050078","volume":"11","author":"Z Alsaadi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alsaadi Z, Alshamani E, Alrehaili M, Alrashdi AAD, Albelwi S, Elfaki AO (2022) A real-time Arabic sign language alphabet (ArSLA) recognition model using a deep learning architecture. Computers 11:78","journal-title":"Computers"},{"issue":"18","key":"395_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23187970","volume":"23","author":"B Alsharif","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alsharif B, Altaher AS, Altaher A, Ilyas M, Alalwany E (2023) Deep learning technology to recognize the American sign language alphabet. Sensors (Basel) 23(18):7970","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"395_CR6","unstructured":"Ayuraj. (n.d.). ASL Dataset. Kaggle. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/datasets\/ayuraj\/asl-dataset"},{"issue":"17","key":"395_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3729","DOI":"10.3390\/math11173729","volume":"11","author":"AM Buttar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Buttar AM, Ahmad U, Gumaei AH, Assiri A, Akbar MA, Alkhamees BF (2023) Deep learning in sign language recognition: a hybrid approach for the recognition of static and dynamic signs. Mathematics 11(17):3729","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"key":"395_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19599","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3151641","volume":"10","author":"M Dehghani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dehghani M, Hub\u00e1lovsk\u00fd \u0160, Trojovsk\u00fd P (2022) Tasmanian devil optimization: a new bio-inspired optimization algorithm for solving optimization problems. IEEE Access 10:19599\u201319620","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"395_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2024.109446","volume":"184","author":"Z El Kojok","year":"2025","unstructured":"El Kojok Z, Al Khansa H, Trad F, Chehab A (2025) Augmenting a spine CT scans dataset using VAEs, GANs, and transfer learning for improved detection of vertebral compression fractures. Comput Biol Med 184:109446","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"395_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54216\/FPA.090201","author":"BM El-den","year":"2022","unstructured":"El-den BM (2022) Provable chaotically authenticated encrypted biomedical image using OFDM transmission. Fusion: Practice & Applications. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54216\/FPA.090201","journal-title":"Fusion: Practice & Applications"},{"key":"395_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14357","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-021-06079-3","volume":"33","author":"U Farooq","year":"2021","unstructured":"Farooq U, Rahim MSM, Sabir N, Hussain A, Abid A (2021) Advances in machine translation for sign language: approaches, limitations, and challenges. Neural Comput Appl 33:14357\u201314399","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"issue":"26","key":"395_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37681","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-13506-7","volume":"81","author":"S Fouladi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fouladi S, Safaei AA, Arshad NI, Ebadi MJ, Ahmadian A (2022) The use of artificial neural networks to diagnose Alzheimer\u2019s disease from brain images. Multimed Tools Appl 81(26):37681\u201337721","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"395_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15086-2","volume":"11","author":"N Golestani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Golestani N, Moghaddam M (2020) Human activity recognition using magnetic induction-based motion signals and deep recurrent neural networks. Nat Commun 11:1551","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"395_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.15377\/2409-5761.2021.08.3","volume":"8","author":"BM Gunji","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gunji BM, Bhargav NM, Dey A, Zeeshan Mohammed IK, Sathyajith S (2022) Recognition of sign language based on hand gestures. J Adv Appl Comput Math 8:21\u201332","journal-title":"J Adv Appl Comput Math"},{"key":"395_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2024.109339","volume":"118","author":"W Hao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hao W, Hou C, Zhang Z, Zhai X, Wang L, Lv G (2024) A sensing data and deep learning-based sign language recognition approach. Comput Electr Eng 118:109339","journal-title":"Comput Electr Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"395_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4038\/icter.v16i2.7264","volume":"16","author":"HHSN Haputhanthri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Haputhanthri HHSN, Tennakoon HMN, Wijesekara MASM, Pushpananda BHR, Thilini HND (2023) Multi-modal deep learning approach to improve sentence-level Sinhala sign language recognition. International Journal on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions (ICTer) 16(2):21","journal-title":"International Journal on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions (ICTer)"},{"issue":"2","key":"395_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1109\/TETCI.2024.3356163","volume":"8","author":"J Jin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jin J, Zhu J, Zhou L, Chen C, Wu L, Lu M, Zhu C, Chen L, Zhao Lv, Li Z (2024) A complex-valued variant-parameter robust zeroing neural network model and its applications. IEEE Trans Emerg Top Comput Intell 8(2):1303\u20131321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TETCI.2024.3356163","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Emerg Top Comput Intell"},{"key":"395_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar CN, Vanitha A, Lavanya NY, Lekhana NC, Tasmiya R, & Nisarga LD (2024) Deep learning-based recognition of sign language. In 2024, Second International Conference on Data Science and Information Systems (ICDSIS) (pp. 1\u20136). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDSIS61070.2024.10594011"},{"key":"395_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.12785\/ijcds\/090418","volume":"9","author":"G Latif","year":"2020","unstructured":"Latif G, Mohammad N, AlKhalaf R, AlKhalaf R, Alghazo J, Khan M (2020) An automatic Arabic sign language recognition system based on deep CNN: an assistive system for the deaf and hard of hearing. Int J Comput Digit Syst 9:715\u2013724","journal-title":"Int J Comput Digit Syst"},{"issue":"7","key":"395_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12076","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2024.3487833","volume":"36","author":"M Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li M, Jia T, Wang H, Ma B, Lu H, Lin S, Cai Da, Chen D (2025) Ao-DETR: anti-overlapping DETR for X-ray prohibited items detection. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 36(7):12076\u201312090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNNLS.2024.3487833","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst"},{"key":"395_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mali P, Shakya A, & Panday SP (2023) Sign language recognition using a long short-term memory deep learning model. In International Conference on Image Processing and Capsule Networks (pp. 697\u2013709). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-7093-3_46"},{"issue":"1","key":"395_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44196-024-00452-5","volume":"17","author":"R Meng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meng R (2024) Forestry ecosystem protection from the perspective of eco-civilization based on self-attention using a hierarchical dilated convolutional neural network. Int J Comput Intell Syst 17(1):101","journal-title":"Int J Comput Intell Syst"},{"key":"395_CR23","unstructured":"Neidle C, Thangali A, & Sclaroff S (2012) Challenges in the development of the American Sign Language Lexicon Video Dataset (ASLLVD) corpus. In Proceedings of the LREC2012 5th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Interactions between Corpus and Lexicon, Istanbul, Turkey pp. 1\u20138."},{"key":"395_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nimbalkar SV, Vaidya SN, Gade MM, Hagare PS, & Shendage PN (2024) Empowering the deaf with an Indian sign language interpreter using deep learning. In 2024, MIT Art, Design and Technology School of Computing International Conference (MITADTSoCiCon) (pp. 1\u20136). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/MITADTSoCiCon60330.2024.10575064"},{"key":"395_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Praveenkumar A, Jha GK, Madival SD, Lama A, Kumar RR (2024) Deep learning approaches for potato price forecasting: comparative analysis of LSTM, Bi-LSTM, and AM-LSTM models. Potato Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11540-024-09823-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s11540-024-09823-z"},{"key":"395_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadik MR, Sony RI, Prova NNI, Mahanandi Y, Al Maruf A, Fahim SH, & Islam MS (2024) Computer vision-based Bangla sign language recognition using transfer learning. In 2024, Second International Conference on Data Science and Information Systems (ICDSIS) (pp. 1\u20137). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDSIS61070.2024.10594269"},{"key":"395_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snehalatha N, Kumar SM, Kavitha H, Nisha S, Gowda P, & Prasad SK (2024) Sign language detection using an action recognition LSTM deep learning model. In 2024 Second International Conference on Networks, Multimedia and Information Technology (NMITCON) (pp. 1\u20136). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/NMITCON62075.2024.10699301"},{"key":"395_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129344","volume":"297","author":"P Tang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Tang P, Zhao H, Meng W, Wang Y (2026) One-shot motion talking head generation with an audio-driven model. Expert Syst Appl 297:129344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129344","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"395_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trigueiros P, Ribeiro F, Reis LP (2014) Vision-based Portuguese Sign Language Recognition System. New Perspectives in Information Systems and Technologies, vol 1. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, pp 605\u2013617","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-05951-8_57"},{"key":"395_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue W, Kang Z, Guo L, Yang S, Yuan T, & Chen S (2023) Continuous sign language recognition for hearing-impaired consumer communication via a self-guidance network. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics.","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2023.3342163"},{"key":"395_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5743","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-08493-1","volume":"79","author":"H Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu H, He F, Pan Y (2020) A scalable region-based level set method using an adaptive bilateral filter for noisy image segmentation. Multimed Tools Appl 79:5743\u20135765","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"}],"container-title":["Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00395-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00395-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00395-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T14:39:49Z","timestamp":1773153589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00395-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["395"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44443-025-00395-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1319-1578","type":"print"},{"value":"2213-1248","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Authors do not have any conflicts.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interests"}}],"article-number":"41"}}