{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:31:53Z","timestamp":1791462713247,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":92,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["61861013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61861013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012547","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025GXNSFAA069684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025GXNSFAA069684"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012547","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Graduate Innovation Project of Guilin University of Electronic Technology","award":["2024YCXS043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YCXS043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. King Saud Univ. Comput. Inf. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s44443-026-00736-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T18:03:06Z","timestamp":1776189786000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dynamic task offloading strategy in mobile edge computing using meta-reinforcement learning with adaptive learning rate adjustment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"736_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2017.2696539","volume":"6","author":"A Al-Shuwaili","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al-Shuwaili A, Simeone O (2017) Energy-efficient resource allocation for mobile edge computing-based augmented reality applications. IEEE Wirel Commun Lett 6(3):398\u2013401","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel Commun Lett"},{"key":"736_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashengo YA, Yahiya TA, Zema NR (2024) Efficient task offloading in multi-access edge computing servers using asynchronous meta reinforcement learning in 5G. Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC61673.2024.10733620"},{"issue":"5","key":"736_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.02.006","volume":"23","author":"M Botvinick","year":"2019","unstructured":"Botvinick M, Ritter S, Wang JX, Kurth-Nelson Z, Blundell C, Hassabis D (2019) Reinforcement learning, fast and slow. Trends Cogn Sci 23(5):408\u2013422","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"736_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2200223","volume":"61","author":"Z Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen Z, Yu Z (2023) Intelligent offloading in blockchain-based mobile crowdsensing using deep reinforcement learning. IEEE Commun Mag 61(6):118\u2013123","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Mag"},{"issue":"20","key":"736_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19823","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3168885","volume":"9","author":"S Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen S, Ren L, Gao Z, Li W, Qiu X (2022) Cache-assisted collaborative task offloading and resource allocation strategy: a meta-reinforcement learning approach. IEEE Internet Things J 9(20):19823\u201319842","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"3","key":"736_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.26599\/TST.2021.9010050","volume":"28","author":"Y Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen Y, Zhao F, Liu Y, Wang Z, Li H (2023) Dynamic task offloading for mobile edge computing with hybrid energy supply. Tsinghua Sci Technol 28(3):421\u2013432","journal-title":"Tsinghua Sci Technol"},{"key":"736_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-024-02397-7","author":"J Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen J, Jiao L, Yang R, Li Y, Zhang Z (2024a) Deep reinforcement learning method for task offloading in mobile edge computing networks based on parallel exploration with asynchronous training. Mob Netw Appl. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11036-024-02397-7","journal-title":"Mob Netw Appl"},{"issue":"12","key":"736_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3536","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2024.3459020","volume":"42","author":"Z Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Z, Zhang J, Min G, Ning Z, Li J (2024b) Traffic-aware lightweight hierarchical offloading toward adaptive slicing-enabled SAGIN. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 42(12):3536\u20133550","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"736_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2024.3497958","volume":"33","author":"Z Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen Z, Liang J, Yu Z, Cheng H, Min G, Li J (2025) Resilient collaborative caching for multi-edge systems with robust federated deep learning. IEEE ACM Trans Netw 33(2):654\u2013669","journal-title":"IEEE ACM Trans Netw"},{"issue":"9","key":"736_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16722","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3355023","volume":"11","author":"MA Hossain","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hossain MA, Liu W, Ansari N (2024) Computation-efficient offloading and power control for MEC in IoT networks by meta-reinforcement learning. IEEE Internet Things J 11(9):16722\u201316730","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"6","key":"736_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3709","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3066495","volume":"69","author":"X Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang X, Masouros C, Wong K-K (2021) Reconfigurable intelligent surface aided mobile edge computing: from optimization-based to location-only learning-based solutions. IEEE Trans Commun 69(6):3709\u20133725","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Commun"},{"key":"736_CR12","unstructured":"Kingma DP, Ba J (2014) Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6980"},{"key":"736_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2025.107861","volume":"172","author":"H Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li H, Meng S, Sun J, Wang Z, Chen Y (2025) Multi-agent deep reinforcement learning based multi-task partial computation offloading in mobile edge computing. Future Gener Comput Syst 172:107861","journal-title":"Future Gener Comput Syst"},{"issue":"10","key":"736_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6097","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2022.3186893","volume":"22","author":"F Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu F, Chen J, Zhang Q, Li Y, Wang Z (2023) Online MEC offloading for V2V networks. IEEE Trans Mob Comput 22(10):6097\u20136109","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Mob Comput"},{"key":"736_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2024.04.034","volume":"158","author":"J Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu J, Mi Y, Zhang X, Li X (2024) Task graph offloading via deep reinforcement learning in mobile edge computing. Future Gener Comput Syst 158:545\u2013555","journal-title":"Future Gener Comput Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"736_CR16","first-page":"2609","volume":"82","author":"J Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu J, Xie P, Li W, Wang Z, Chen Y (2025a) Dynamic task offloading scheme for edge computing via meta-reinforcement learning. Comput Mater Contin 82(2):2609\u20132635","journal-title":"Comput Mater Contin"},{"issue":"2","key":"736_CR17","first-page":"2610","volume":"82","author":"J Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu J, Liu J, Xie P, Li W, Tang B (2025b) Dynamic task offloading scheme for edge computing via meta-reinforcement learning. Comput Mater Continua 82(2):2610\u20132635","journal-title":"Comput Mater Continua"},{"key":"736_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manoj M, Tilak A, Charles C (2021) A survey on cloudlets, mobile edge, and fog computing. Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Conference on Edge Computing and Scalable Cloud (EdgeCom) 139\u2013142.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCloud-EdgeCom52276.2021.00034"},{"issue":"12","key":"736_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3590","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2016.2611964","volume":"34","author":"Y Mao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mao Y, Zhang J, Letaief KB (2016) Dynamic computation offloading for mobile-edge computing with energy harvesting devices. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 34(12):3590\u20133605","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"key":"736_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen T, Luu T, Pham T, Pham D, Nguyen N (2021) Robust MAML: Prioritization task buffer with adaptive learning process for model-agnostic meta-learning. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) 1\u201314","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP39728.2021.9413446"},{"issue":"12","key":"736_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10519","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3241222","volume":"10","author":"L Ni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ni L, Chen X, Zhang N, Li Y, Wang Z (2023) Multiagent meta-reinforcement learning for optimized task scheduling in heterogeneous edge computing systems. IEEE Internet Things J 10(12):10519\u201310531","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"736_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Priyadarshni P, Kumar P, Tripathi S, Singh A, Yadav R (2024) MEC-assisted task offloading using meta-reinforcement learning for B5G\/6G network. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Big Data 4309\u20134314","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData62323.2024.10825706"},{"key":"736_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134742","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2942052","volume":"7","author":"S Pu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pu S, Zhao Z, Zhang Z, Li L, Wang H (2019) Dependency-aware computation offloading in mobile edge computing: a reinforcement learning approach. IEEE Access 7:134742\u2013134753","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"736_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ra M-R, Sheth A, Mummert LB (2011) Odessa: Enabling interactive perception applications on mobile devices. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services (MobiSys) 123\u2013134","DOI":"10.1145\/1999995.2000000"},{"key":"736_CR25","unstructured":"Schulman J, Wolski F, Dhariwal P, Radford A, Klimov O (2017) Proximal policy optimization algorithms. arXiv preprint arXiv:1707.06347"},{"key":"736_CR26","unstructured":"Sutskever I, Vinyals O, Le QV (2014) Sequence to sequence learning with neural networks. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) 3104\u20133112"},{"key":"736_CR27","unstructured":"Vanschoren J (2018) Meta-learning: A survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.03548"},{"issue":"5","key":"736_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2019.1800971","volume":"57","author":"J Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang J, Hu J, Min G, Zhang Z, Li Y (2019) Computation offloading in multi-access edge computing using a deep sequential model based on reinforcement learning. IEEE Commun Mag 57(5):64\u201369","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Mag"},{"issue":"1","key":"736_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2020.3014896","volume":"32","author":"J Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang J, Hu J, Min G, Ning Z, Li J (2021) Fast adaptive task offloading in edge computing based on meta reinforcement learning. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 32(1):242\u2013253","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst"},{"issue":"22","key":"736_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36272","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3472472","volume":"11","author":"J Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang J, Tang M, Jiang C, Zhang Y, Chen L (2024) Cloud-edge\u2013end collaborative task offloading in vehicular edge networks: a multilayer deep reinforcement learning approach. IEEE Internet Things J 11(22):36272\u201336290","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"1","key":"736_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2020.2978386","volume":"32","author":"Z Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu Z, Pan S, Chen F, Long G, Zhang C, Yu PS (2021) A comprehensive survey on graph neural networks. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 32(1):4\u201324","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"736_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2018.1700291","volume":"25","author":"L Xiao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xiao L, Wan X, Dai C, Chen Y, Li J (2018) Security in mobile edge caching with reinforcement learning. IEEE Wirel Commun 25(3):116\u2013122","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"736_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2014.2381227","volume":"8","author":"L Xue","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xue L, Wang Y, Xie Q, Pedram M (2015) Task scheduling with dynamic voltage and frequency scaling for energy minimization in the mobile cloud computing environment. IEEE Trans Serv Comput 8(2):175\u2013186","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Serv Comput"},{"issue":"1","key":"736_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-023-00493-9","volume":"12","author":"J Zhan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhan J, Ma S, Yu Z, Liu H, Zhang J (2023) Joint DNN partitioning and task offloading in mobile edge computing via deep reinforcement learning. J Cloud Comput 12(1):116","journal-title":"J Cloud Comput"},{"issue":"5","key":"736_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2021.3123135","volume":"22","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang J, Chen S, Wang X, Liu Y, Li Z (2023a) Dynamic reservation of edge servers via deep reinforcement learning for connected vehicles. IEEE Trans Mob Comput 22(5):2661\u20132674","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Mob Comput"},{"issue":"4","key":"736_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3126101","volume":"10","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Wang N, Wu H, Liu Y, Li Z (2023b) MR-DRO: a fast and efficient task offloading algorithm in heterogeneous edge\/cloud computing environments. IEEE Internet Things J 10(4):3165\u20133178","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"3","key":"736_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4126","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3633937","volume":"13","author":"F Zhang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhang F, Zhang Y, Xie Y, Li Z, Wang H (2026) Adaptive task offloading and resource allocation for tasks with time-varying statistical characteristics in MEC systems. IEEE Internet Things J 13(3):4126\u20134141","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"736_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12473","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2794770","volume":"6","author":"J Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhao J, Liu Y, Gong Y, Zhang H, Wang L (2018) A dual-link soft handover scheme for C\/U plane split network in high-speed railway. IEEE Access 6:12473\u201312482","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"736_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Du Y, Wang T, Li Z, Zhang H (2023) Towards efficient task offloading at the edge based on meta-reinforcement learning with hybrid action space. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications 4039\u20134044","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC45041.2023.10279699"}],"container-title":["Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44443-026-00736-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44443-026-00736-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44443-026-00736-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T14:13:00Z","timestamp":1787321580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44443-026-00736-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["736"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44443-026-00736-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1319-1578","type":"print"},{"value":"2213-1248","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"318"}}