{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T09:05:58Z","timestamp":1785143158111,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":81,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004761","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025JJ60413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JJ60413"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004761","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. King Saud Univ. Comput. Inf. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the field of Internet of Vehicles, driverless taxi (DT) services require secure and low-latency interactions among users, edge servers, DTs, and a trusted authority (TA). Nevertheless, existing vehicular authentication schemes are mainly designed for V2V, V2I, or multi-server environments and fail to account for variations in user behavior, interaction frequency, and risk level, thereby reducing service efficiency. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a game-theory based trust-adaptive Anonymous Secure Mutual Authentication (ASMA) protocol for multi-level users in DT services. ASMA integrates extended Chebyshev chaotic map operations into the authentication process to realize anonymous mutual authentication and session key negotiation. In addition, a dynamic trust evaluation mechanism is introduced to update user trust scores according to historical behaviors and current authentication outcomes, so that users are classified into premium, normal, and risky levels and are assigned differentiated authentication processes. In this way, premium users can complete authentication with lower latency, while risky users are required to undergo stricter verification. Security analysis in the Real-or-Random model and Scyther tool demonstrate that ASMA achieves its intended security goals. Performance evaluation on the NS-3 platform shows that ASMA provides favorable computational latency, communication overhead, and energy consumption compared with related schemes. A Nash equilibrium analysis experiment was conducted on the proposed hybrid game model, proving that the differentiated authentication strategy is an endogenous result under long-term incentives. At the same time, a dynamic convergence simulation of trust scores verifies that the evaluation mechanism can make the trust score converge stably to a reasonable range.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44443-026-00818-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T16:27:00Z","timestamp":1778171220000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Game-theory based anonymous secure mutual authentication protocol with privacy-preserving for multi-level users in driverless taxi services"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Menglong","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengzhi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mangang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jintian","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"818_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.2018.2850966","volume":"67","author":"D Abbasinezhad-Mood","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abbasinezhad-Mood D, Nikooghadam M (2018) Efficient design of a novel ecc-based public key scheme for medical data protection by utilization of nanopi fire. IEEE Trans Reliab 67(3):1328\u20131339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TR.2018.2850966","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Reliab"},{"issue":"12","key":"818_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7287","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.2974258","volume":"16","author":"D Abbasinezhad-Mood","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abbasinezhad-Mood D, Ostad-Sharif A, Mazinani SM, Nikooghadam M (2020) Provably secure escrow-less chebyshev chaotic map-based key agreement protocol for vehicle to grid connections with privacy protection. IEEE Trans Industr Inf 16(12):7287\u20137294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TII.2020.2974258","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Industr Inf"},{"key":"818_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abdalla M, Fouque P-A, Pointcheval D (2005) Password-based authenticated key exchange in the three-party setting. In: Vaudenay S (ed) Public Key Cryptography - PKC 2005, pp 65\u201384. Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-30580-4_6","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30580-4_6"},{"issue":"1","key":"818_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32897","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-18387-y","volume":"15","author":"ZG Al-Mekhlafi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Al-Mekhlafi ZG, Altmemi JMH, Al-Shareeda MA, Al-Hchaimi AAJ, Homod RZ, Mohammed BA, Alshammari G, Al-Dhlan KA, Alrashdi R, Alkhabra YA (2025) Chebiod: a chebyshev polynomial-based lightweight authentication scheme for internet of drones environments. Sci Rep 15(1):32897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-18387-y","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"818_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2013.02.036","volume":"37","author":"S Al-Sultan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Al-Sultan S, Al-Doori MM, Al-Bayatti AH, Zedan H (2014) A comprehensive survey on vehicular ad hoc network. J Netw Comput Appl 37:380\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnca.2013.02.036","journal-title":"J Netw Comput Appl"},{"key":"818_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boyko V, MacKenzie P, Patel S (2000) Provably secure password-authenticated key exchange using diffie-hellman. In: Preneel B (ed) Advances in Cryptology \u2014 EUROCRYPT 2000. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 1807, pp 156\u2013171. Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/3-540-45539-6_12","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45539-6_12"},{"issue":"5","key":"818_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2016.2616876","volume":"15","author":"S Chatterjee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chatterjee S, Roy S, Das AK, Chattopadhyay S, Kumar N, Vasilakos AV (2018) Secure biometric-based authentication scheme using chebyshev chaotic map for multi-server environment. IEEE Trans Dependable Secure Comput 15(5):824\u2013839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TDSC.2016.2616876","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Dependable Secure Comput"},{"key":"818_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-018-0887-z","volume":"10","author":"J Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen J, Tian Z, Cui X et al (2019) Trust architecture and reputation evaluation for internet of things. J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput 10:3099\u20133107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12652-018-0887-z","journal-title":"J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput"},{"key":"818_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisa.2024.103788","volume":"83","author":"R Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen R, Mou Y, Li W (2024) A provably secure multi-server authentication scheme based on chebyshev chaotic map. J Inf Sec Appl 83:103788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jisa.2024.103788","journal-title":"J Inf Sec Appl"},{"issue":"13","key":"818_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24244","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3554788","volume":"12","author":"C-M Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen C-M, Xiong Z, Wu T-Y, Kumari S, Alenazi MJF (2025) Protecting virtual economies: A blockchain-based anti-phishing authentication protocol for metaverse applications. IEEE Internet Things J 12(13):24244\u201324258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3554788","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"818_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cremers C.J.F: The scyther tool: Verification, falsification, and analysis of security protocols. In: Gupta A, Malik S (eds) Computer Aided Verification, pp 414\u2013418. Springer.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-70545-1_38","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-70545-1_38"},{"key":"818_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2023.103699","volume":"173","author":"J Dai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dai J, Wang XC, Ma W, Li R (2023) Future transport vision propensity segments: A latent class analysis of autonomous taxi market. Trans Res Part A Policy Practice 173:103699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tra.2023.103699","journal-title":"Trans Res Part A Policy Practice"},{"key":"818_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-020-00889-3","volume":"13","author":"X Deng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deng X, Liu J, Wang L et al (2020) A trust evaluation system based on reputation data in mobile edge computing network. Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications 13:1744\u20131755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12083-020-00889-3","journal-title":"Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications"},{"issue":"2","key":"818_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1983.1056650","volume":"29","author":"D Dolev","year":"1983","unstructured":"Dolev D, Yao A (1983) On the security of public key protocols. IEEE Trans Inf Theory 29(2):198\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIT.1983.1056650","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Theory"},{"key":"818_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gong Y, Chang X, Mi\u0161i\u0107 J, Mi\u0161i\u0107 VB, Fan J, Wang K (2025a) Toward lightweight and privacy-preserving data provision in digital forensics for driverless taxi. IEEE Internet Things J 12(11):17569\u201317580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3538679","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3538679"},{"key":"818_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gong Y, Chang X, Mi\u0161i\u0107 J, Mi\u0161i\u0107 VB, Wang K, Fan J (2025b) A2e: Attribute-based anonymity-enhanced authentication for accessing driverless taxi service. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 26(11):20249\u201320263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TITS.2025.3587278","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2025.3587278"},{"key":"818_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2025.3595949","volume":"13","author":"Y Gong","year":"2026","unstructured":"Gong Y, Chang X, Yao Y, Mi\u0161i\u0107 J, Mi\u0161i\u0107 VB (2026) Multi-authorized, privacy-protected, and traceable driverless taxi data sharing in internet of vehicles. IEEE Trans Netw Sci Eng 13:1406\u20131422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNSE.2025.3595949","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Netw Sci Eng"},{"issue":"12","key":"818_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22091","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3379556","volume":"11","author":"Z Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo Z, Cao J, Wang X, Zhang Y, Niu B, Li H (2024) Uava: Unmanned aerial vehicle assisted vehicular authentication scheme in edge computing networks. IEEE Internet Things J 11(12):22091\u201322106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3379556","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"818_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisa.2022.103357","volume":"71","author":"S Gupta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gupta S, Raja K, Martinelli F, Crispo B (2022) Riderauth: A cancelable touch-signature based rider authentication scheme for driverless taxis. J Inf Sec Appl 71:103357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jisa.2022.103357","journal-title":"J Inf Sec Appl"},{"issue":"9","key":"818_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16243","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3355228","volume":"11","author":"Y Han","year":"2024","unstructured":"Han Y, Guo H, Liu J, Ehui BB, Wu Y, Li S (2024) An enhanced multifactor authentication and key agreement protocol in industrial internet of things. IEEE Internet Things J 11(9):16243\u201316254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3355228","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"10","key":"818_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13367","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3522191","volume":"12","author":"G Hao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hao G, Pan Q, Wu J (2025) Incentive distributed knowledge graph market for generative artificial intelligence in iot. IEEE Internet Things J 12(10):13367\u201313383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3522191","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"818_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"He P, Bian W, Chen K, Meng J (2025) A user authentication and key agreement scheme based on cancelable biometric and homomorphic encryption for driverless taxis. In: 2025 IEEE 31th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS), pp 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICPADS67057.2025.11323184","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPADS67057.2025.11323184"},{"key":"818_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83692","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3413853","volume":"12","author":"X Jin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jin X, Lin N, Li Z, Jiang W, Jia Y, Li Q (2024) A lightweight authentication scheme for power iot based on puf and chebyshev chaotic map. IEEE Access 12:83692\u201383706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3413853","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"10","key":"818_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14297","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3525623","volume":"12","author":"J Jin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jin J, Wu M, Ouyang A, Li K, Chen C (2025) A novel dynamic hill cipher and its applications on medical iot. IEEE Internet Things J 12(10):14297\u201314308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3525623","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"818_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2024.103989","volume":"144","author":"Y Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim Y, Hakak S, Ghorbani A (2024) Detecting distributed denial-of-service (ddos) attacks that generate false authentications on electric vehicle (ev) charging infrastructure. Comput Sec 144:103989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cose.2024.103989","journal-title":"Comput Sec"},{"issue":"12","key":"818_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21783","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2024.3472013","volume":"25","author":"D Kwon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kwon D, Son S, Park K, Das AK, Park Y (2024) Design of blockchain-based multi-domain authentication protocol for secure ev charging services in v2g environments. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 25(12):21783\u201321795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TITS.2024.3472013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"issue":"18","key":"818_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37974","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3585643","volume":"12","author":"J Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li J, Chen J, Liu Y, Liu S, Zhang Y (2025) An efficient and revocable puf-based authentication scheme for secure v2r mutual communication in vanets. IEEE Internet Things J 12(18):37974\u201337987. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3585643","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"6","key":"818_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5752","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2023.3249833","volume":"24","author":"T Limbasiya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Limbasiya T, Das D (2023) Querycom: Secure message communication and data searching protocols for smart transportation. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 24(6):5752\u20135764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TITS.2023.3249833","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"issue":"16","key":"818_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27744","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3400320","volume":"11","author":"H-T Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin H-T, Jhuang W-L (2024) Blockchain-based lightweight certificateless authenticated key agreement protocol for v2v communications in iov. IEEE Internet Things J 11(16):27744\u201327759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3400320","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"5","key":"818_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7883","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2024.3366975","volume":"20","author":"Y Long","year":"2024","unstructured":"Long Y, Peng C, Tan W, Chen Y (2024) Blockchain-based anonymous authentication and key management for internet of things with chebyshev chaotic maps. IEEE Trans Industr Inf 20(5):7883\u20137893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TII.2024.3366975","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Industr Inf"},{"issue":"4","key":"818_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6521","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3314764","volume":"11","author":"J Lu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu J, Li W, Sun J, Xiao R, Liao B (2024) Secure and real-time traceable data sharing in cloud-assisted iot. IEEE Internet Things J 11(4):6521\u20136536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3314764","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"4","key":"818_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4260","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2025.3528932","volume":"26","author":"A Manasrah","year":"2025","unstructured":"Manasrah A, Yaseen Q, Al-Aqrabi H, Liu L (2025) Identity-based authentication in vanets: A review. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 26(4):4260\u20134282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TITS.2025.3528932","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"key":"818_CR33","unstructured":"Oryx Embedded (2024) CycloneCRYPTO Cryptographic Library Benchmarks. https:\/\/www.oryx-embedded.com\/doc\/crypto_benchmarks.html. Accessed: 2024"},{"key":"818_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Podapati VH, Nigam D, Das S (2026) Sok: A systematic review of context- and behavior-aware adaptive authentication in mobile environments. In: Furnell S, Clarke N (eds) Human Aspects of Information Security and Assurance, pp 406\u2013419. Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-02504-3_28","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-02504-3_28"},{"issue":"11","key":"818_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8039","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3156629","volume":"18","author":"F Rafique","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rafique F, Obaidat MS, Mahmood K, Ayub MF, Ferzund J, Chaudhry SA (2022) An efficient and provably secure certificateless protocol for industrial internet of things. IEEE Trans Industr Inf 18(11):8039\u20138046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TII.2022.3156629","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Industr Inf"},{"key":"818_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2022.109354","volume":"217","author":"J Ren","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ren J, Qin T (2022) A novel multidimensional trust evaluation and fusion mechanism in fog-based internet of things. Comput Netw 217:109354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comnet.2022.109354","journal-title":"Comput Netw"},{"issue":"4","key":"818_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2884","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2714179","volume":"5","author":"S Roy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roy S, Chatterjee S, Das AK, Chattopadhyay S, Kumari S, Jo M (2018) Chaotic map-based anonymous user authentication scheme with user biometrics and fuzzy extractor for crowdsourcing internet of things. IEEE Internet Things J 5(4):2884\u20132895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2714179","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"3","key":"818_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3322637","volume":"73","author":"S Roy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Roy S, Nandi S, Maheshwari R, Shetty S, Das AK, Lorenz P (2024) Blockchain-based efficient access control with handover policy in iov-enabled intelligent transportation system. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 73(3):3009\u20133024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVT.2023.3322637","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"issue":"11","key":"818_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18304","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2025.3603250","volume":"26","author":"M Slimene","year":"2025","unstructured":"Slimene M, Chriki A, Mitton N, Sondi P, Meddahi A (2025) A comparative survey of authentication schemes suitable for the audit of v2x communications. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 26(11):18304\u201318324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TITS.2025.3603250","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"key":"818_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Szczechowiak P, Kargl A, Scott M, Collier M (2009) On the application of pairing based cryptography to wireless sensor networks. In: Proceedings of the 2nd ACM conference on wireless network security. WiSec \u201909, pp 1\u201312. Association for Computing Machinery. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1514274.1514276","DOI":"10.1145\/1514274.1514276"},{"issue":"10","key":"818_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9075","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2024.3357599","volume":"23","author":"A Tomar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tomar A, Tripathi S (2024) A chebyshev polynomial-based authentication scheme using blockchain technology for fog-based vehicular network. IEEE Trans Mob Comput 23(10):9075\u20139089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMC.2024.3357599","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Mob Comput"},{"issue":"1","key":"818_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-024-06801-7","volume":"81","author":"C Trivedi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Trivedi C, Parmar K, Rao UP (2024) Almash: an anonymity-based lightweight mutual authentication scheme for internet of healthcare things. J Supercomput 81(1):301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11227-024-06801-7","journal-title":"J Supercomput"},{"issue":"6","key":"818_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6943","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2025.3593599","volume":"22","author":"W Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang W, Xie Q, Huang Y, Ding Y, Zhang L, Gao D, Su C, Rodrigues JJPC (2025) Attack analysis and enhanced authentication protocol design for vehicle networks. IEEE Trans Dependable Secure Comput 22(6):6943\u20136954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TDSC.2025.3593599","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Dependable Secure Comput"},{"key":"818_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang W, Yu K, Wang W, Su C, Alfarraj O (2026a) Blockchain-puf fusion for privacy-preserving authentication against ai-enabled attacks in consumer iot systems. IEEE Tran Consumer Electr, 1\u20131.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCE.2026.3663572","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2026.3663572"},{"key":"818_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang W, Xie Q, Du H, Zhang L, Rodrigues JJPC, Wu K (2026b) Lightweight and fast authentication protocol for digital healthcare services. IEEE Trans Mobile Comput 25(1):403\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMC.2025.3593533","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2025.3593533"},{"key":"818_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Woo N, Kang T, Ryu J (2025) Cesa: Chebyshev-polynomials-based efficient and\u00a0secure access authentication scheme for both user equipment and massive machine-type-communication devices over 5g networks. IEEE Internet Things J 12(11):17542\u201317557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3536484","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3536484"},{"key":"818_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xiao R, Li W, Lu J, Jin S (2024a) Contexlog: Non-parsing log anomaly detection with all information preservation and enhanced contextual representation. IEEE Trans Netw Serv Manage 21(4):4750\u20134762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNSM.2024.3400283","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2024.3400283"},{"key":"818_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xiao W, Liu B, Yin W (2024b) Security authentication scheme based on chebyshev chaotic mapping for library network. Alex Eng J 109:262\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aej.2024.08.108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2024.08.108"},{"key":"818_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97840","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3308601","volume":"11","author":"Q Xie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xie Q, Sun Z, Xie Q, Ding Z (2023) A cross-trusted authority authentication protocol for internet of vehicles based on blockchain. IEEE Access 11:97840\u201397851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3308601","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"818_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2024.110667","volume":"252","author":"M Xie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xie M, An B, Jia X, Zhou M, Lu J (2024) Simultaneous update of sensing and control data using free-ride codes in vehicular networks: An age and energy perspective. Comput Netw 252:110667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comnet.2024.110667","journal-title":"Comput Netw"},{"key":"818_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-020-07421-z","volume":"114","author":"M Zaminkar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zaminkar M, Fotohi R (2020) Sos-rpl: Securing internet of things against sinkhole attack using rpl protocol-based node rating and ranking mechanism. Wireless Pers Commun 114:1287\u20131312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11277-020-07421-z","journal-title":"Wireless Pers Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"818_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2006.09.047","volume":"37","author":"L Zhang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhang L (2008) Cryptanalysis of the public key encryption based on multiple chaotic systems. Chaos Solitons & Fractals 37(3):669\u2013674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chaos.2006.09.047","journal-title":"Chaos Solitons & Fractals"},{"issue":"6","key":"818_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2017.7961369","volume":"14","author":"M Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang M, Zhang J, Tan W (2017) Remote three-factor authentication protocol with strong robustness for multi-server environment. China Communications 14(6):126\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CC.2017.7961369","journal-title":"China Communications"},{"key":"818_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang L, Hang L, Zu K, Wang Y, Yang K (2025a) Dynamic vehicle reputation consensus: Enhancing iov communication with a blockchain algorithm. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 74(3):4788\u20134806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVT.2024.3489629","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2024.3489629"},{"key":"818_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang X, Li J, Wu J, Chen G, Meng Y, Zhu H, Zhang X (2025b) Binary-level formal verification based automatic security ensurement for plc in industrial iot. IEEE Trans Dependable Secure Comput 22(3):2211\u20132226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TDSC.2024.3481433","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2024.3481433"},{"issue":"4","key":"818_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2022.3193570","volume":"20","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zheng Y, Liu W, Gu C, Chang C-H (2023) Puf-based mutual authentication and key exchange protocol for peer-to-peer iot applications. IEEE Trans Dependable Secure Comput 20(4):3299\u20133316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TDSC.2022.3193570","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Dependable Secure Comput"},{"issue":"12","key":"818_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22463","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3552447","volume":"12","author":"L Zheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zheng L, Feng T, Xie Z, Li X, Su C (2025) Barm: Blockchain-assisted anonymous authentication and reputation management for mobile crowdsensing in internet of vehicles. IEEE Internet Things J 12(12):22463\u201322477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3552447","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"}],"container-title":["Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44443-026-00818-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44443-026-00818-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44443-026-00818-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T08:22:02Z","timestamp":1785140522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44443-026-00818-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["818"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44443-026-00818-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1319-1578","2213-1248"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1319-1578","type":"print"},{"value":"2213-1248","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"394"}}