{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T04:55:51Z","timestamp":1775364951265,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,9,1]],"date-time":"1994-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":778377600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell Tissue Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf00300217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,9]],"date-time":"2004-10-09T20:23:16Z","timestamp":1097353396000},"page":"447-455","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Involution of the rat thymus in experimentally induced hypothyroidism"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"277","author":[{"given":"N.","family":"Abou-Rabia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. D.","family":"Kendall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"CR1","first-page":"61","volume":"14","author":"M Aronson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Aronson M (1989) Reversible thymic collapse following acute stress is beneficial: a hypothesis. Thymus 14:61?63","journal-title":"Thymus"},{"key":"CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000880302","volume":"88","author":"BL Baker","year":"1951","unstructured":"Baker BL, Ingle DJ, Li CH (1951) The histology of the lymphoid organs of rats treated with adrenocorticotropin. Am J Anat 88:313?49","journal-title":"Am J Anat"},{"key":"CR3","first-page":"303","volume":"17","author":"CD Baroni","year":"1969","unstructured":"Baroni CD, FAbris N, Bertoli (1969) Effects of hormones on development and function of lymphoid tissues. Synergistic action of thyroxin and somatotropic hormones in pituitary dwarf mice. Immunology 17:303?314","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.0890567","volume":"89","author":"C Berthier","year":"1978","unstructured":"Berthier C, Lemarchand-Beraud T (1978) Importance of thyroid iodine and cyclic AMP, and TSH concentration on goitre formation in rats. Acta Endocrinol 89:567?580","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol"},{"key":"CR5","first-page":"545","volume-title":"Psychoneuroimmunology","author":"HO Besedovsky","year":"1981","unstructured":"Besedovsky HO, Sorkin E (1981) Immuno-neuroendocrine circuits: Physiological approaches. In: Ader R (ed) Psychoneuroimmunology. Academic Press, New York, pp 545?574"},{"key":"CR6","first-page":"281","volume":"13","author":"JN Blau","year":"1967","unstructured":"Blau JN (1967) The dynamic behaviour of Hassall's corpuscles and the transport of particulate matter in the thymus of the guinea-pig. Immunology 13:281?292","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"CR7","first-page":"363","volume":"12","author":"N Blau","year":"1967","unstructured":"Blau N, Veall N (1967) The uptake and localization of proteins, Evans Blue and carbon black in the normal and pathological thymus of the guinea-pig. Immunology 12:363?372","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00222362","volume":"240","author":"R Brelinska","year":"1985","unstructured":"Brelinska R, Kaczmarck E, Warchol JB, Jaroszewsji J (1985) Distribution of different cell types within the rat thymus in the neonatal period of life. Cell Tissue Res 240:473?478","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"CR9","first-page":"65","volume":"14","author":"AG Clarke","year":"1989","unstructured":"Clarke AG, Kendall MD (1989) Histological changes in the thymus during mouse pregnancy. Thymus 14:65?78","journal-title":"Thymus"},{"key":"CR10","first-page":"353","volume":"13","author":"WK Cowan","year":"1964","unstructured":"Cowan WK, Sorenson GD (1964) Electron microscopic observations of acute thymic involution produced by hydrocortisone. Lab Invest 13:353?370","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"CR11","first-page":"205","volume":"20","author":"G Csaba","year":"1969","unstructured":"Csaba G (1969) Mechanism of the formation of mast-cell granules. II. Cell-free model. Acta Biol Acad Sci Hung 20:205?210","journal-title":"Acta Biol Acad Sci Hung"},{"key":"CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830140311","volume":"14","author":"MJ Dallman","year":"1984","unstructured":"Dallman MJ, Thomas ML, Green JR (1984) MRC Ox-19: a monoclonal antibody that labels rat T lymphocytes and augments in vitro proliferative responses. Eur J Immunol 14:260?267","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"CR13","first-page":"479","volume":"32","author":"TF Dougherty","year":"1945","unstructured":"Dougherty TF, White A (1945) Functional alterations in lymphoid tissue. Physiol Rev 32:479?401","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"CR14","first-page":"43","volume":"9","author":"N Dourov","year":"1974","unstructured":"Dourov N (1974) Study of the cytoplasmic lipids in thymic involution. Pathol Eur 9:43?57","journal-title":"Pathol Eur"},{"key":"CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00210344","volume":"218","author":"AM Duijvestijn","year":"1981","unstructured":"Duijvestijn AM, Hoefsmit ECM (1981) Ultrastructure of the rat thymus: The microenvironment of T-lymphocytes maturation. Cell Tissue Res 218:279?292","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-9066-4_41","volume-title":"In vivo immunology","author":"F Dumont","year":"1982","unstructured":"Dumont F, Habbersett RC, Barrois R, Gerard H (1982) Accumulation of mature T and B cells and abnormalities of lymphocytes traffic in the thymus of aged NZB \u00d7 SIL F1 female mice. In: Nieuwenhuis P, Broek van der AA, Hanna MG (eds) In vivo immunology. Plenum Press, New York, pp 297?302"},{"key":"CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-62-3-474","volume":"62","author":"N Fabris","year":"1986","unstructured":"Fabris N, Mocchegiani E, Mariotti S, Pacini F, Pinchera A (1986) Thyroid function modulates thymic endocrine activity. J Clin Endocrin Metab 62:474?478","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrin Metab"},{"key":"CR18","first-page":"269","volume":"43","author":"NA Ghossein","year":"1963","unstructured":"Ghossein NA, Azar und Williams J (1963) Local irradiation of the thymus. Histological changes with observations on circulating lymphocytes and serum protein fractions in adult mice. Am J Path 43:269?379","journal-title":"Am J Path"},{"key":"CR19","first-page":"1398","volume-title":"Goodman and Gilman's The pharmacological basis of therapeutic","author":"AG Gilman","year":"1980","unstructured":"Gilman AG, Murad F (1980) Thyroid and antithyroid drugs. In: Gilman AG, Goodman LS (eds) Goodman and Gilman's The pharmacological basis of therapeutic, 6th edn. Macmillan, New York, pp 1398?1422","edition":"6th edn."},{"key":"CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1966.66","volume":"44","author":"G Goldstein","year":"1966","unstructured":"Goldstein G (1966) Plasma cells in the human thymus. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 44:695?699","journal-title":"Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci"},{"key":"CR21","first-page":"189","volume":"32","author":"G Gomori","year":"1941","unstructured":"Gomori G (1941) Distribution of acid phosphatase in the tissues under normal and under pathologic conditions. Arch Pathol 32:189?199","journal-title":"Arch Pathol"},{"key":"CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700430311","volume":"12","author":"H Gordon","year":"1936","unstructured":"Gordon H, Sweets HH (1936) A simple method for the silver impregnation of reticulum. Am J Pathol 12:545?552","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"CR23","first-page":"494","volume-title":"Medical pharmacology: principles and concepts","author":"A Goth","year":"1981","unstructured":"Goth A (1981) Thyroid hormones and antithyroid drugs. In: Goth A (ed) Medical pharmacology: principles and concepts, 10th edn. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 494?502","edition":"10th edn."},{"key":"CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1964.0001","volume":"159","author":"JL Gowans","year":"1964","unstructured":"Gowans JL, Knight EJ (1964) The route of recirculation of lymphocytes in the rat. Proc Roy R Soc Lond [Biol] 159:257?282","journal-title":"Proc Roy R Soc Lond [Biol]"},{"key":"CR25","first-page":"142","volume":"80","author":"UJG Haelst von","year":"1967","unstructured":"Haelst UJG von (1967) Light and electron microscopic study of the normal and pathological thymus of the rat. II. The acute thymic involution. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 80:142?189","journal-title":"Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat"},{"key":"CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0190282","volume":"19","author":"EO H\u00f6hn","year":"1959","unstructured":"H\u00f6hn EO (1959) Action of certain hormones on the thymus of the domestic hen. J Endocrinol 19:282?287","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00335625","volume":"56","author":"T Ito","year":"1962","unstructured":"Ito T, Hoshino T (1962) Histological changes of the mouse thymus during involution and regeneration following administration of hydrocortisone. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 56:445?464","journal-title":"Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat"},{"key":"CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.162.1.117","volume":"162","author":"WA Jefferis","year":"1985","unstructured":"Jefferis WA, Green JR, Williams AF (1985) Authentic T helper CD4 (W3\/25) antigen on rat peritoneal macrophages. J Exp Med 162:117?127","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03968.x","volume":"4","author":"P Johnson","year":"1985","unstructured":"Johnson P, Gagnon J, Barclay AN, Williams AF (1985) Purification, chain separation and sequence of the MRC OX-8 antigen, a marker of rat cytoxic T lymphocytes. EMBO J 4:2539","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.1965.64.4.441","volume":"64","author":"AI Kahri","year":"1965","unstructured":"Kahri AI, Salmi A, Hannuksela M, Karaharju EO (1965) Histochemistry of rat thymus during involution induced by alkylating agents. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 64:441?449","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand"},{"key":"CR31","first-page":"1","volume":"177","author":"MD Kendall","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kendall MD (1991) Functional anatomy of the thymic microenvironment. J Anat 177:1?29","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"CR32","unstructured":"Kendall MD, Buckingham JC, Ritter M (1992) A rise in plasma thymulin alters thymocyte phenotype. Neuroimmunomodulation in pharmacology. 2nd Course of the Federation of Pharmacological Sciences, Paris, Feb 4?7 1992"},{"key":"CR33","first-page":"95","volume":"147","author":"MK Kendall","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kendall MK (1986) The syncytial nature of epithelial cells in the thymic cortex. J Anat 147:95?106","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"CR34","first-page":"47","volume-title":"The cell biology of cell death in the thymus. Thymus Update 3","author":"MK Kendall","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kendall MK (1990) The cell biology of cell death in the thymus. Thymus Update 3. Harwood Academic Publishers, Chur, Switzerland, pp 47?70"},{"key":"CR35","first-page":"83","volume":"161","author":"M Kotani","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kotani M, Ohmori J, Miyakawa K, Hayama T, Kawatsu R, Terso K (1988) Increased vascular permeability in the thymus of the autoimmune New Zealand mouse. J Anat 161:83?93","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00221740","volume":"253","author":"W Leene","year":"1988","unstructured":"Leene W, Waal Malefijt de R, Roholl PJM, Hoeben KA (1988) Lymphocyte depletion in thymic nurse cells: a tool to identify in situ lympho-epithelial complexes having thymic nurse cell characteristics. Cell Tissue Res 253:61?68","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-76-3-362","volume":"76","author":"UJ Lewis","year":"1965","unstructured":"Lewis UJ, Cheever EV, Vanderlan WP (1965) Alteration of the proteins of the pituitary gland of the rat by estradiol and cortisol. Endocrinology 76:362?368","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-47-1-145","volume":"47","author":"VM Lewis","year":"1978","unstructured":"Lewis VM, Twomey JJ, Bealmear P, Goldstein G, Good RA (1978) Age, thymic involution and circulating thymic hormone activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 47:145?150","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.0910271","volume":"91","author":"PT M\u00e4nnist\u00f6","year":"1979","unstructured":"M\u00e4nnist\u00f6 PT, Ranta T, Lepp\u00e4luoto J (1979) Effects of methylmercaptoimidazole (MMI), propylthioracil (PTU), potassium perchlorate (KCLO4) and potassium (K1) on the serum concentrations of thyotropin (TSH) and thyroid hormones in the rat. Acta Endocrinol 91:271?281","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol"},{"key":"CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.31.5.454","volume":"31","author":"DY Mason","year":"1978","unstructured":"Mason DY, Sammons RE (1978) Alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase for double immunoenzymatic labelling of cellular constitutents. J Clin Pathol 31:454?460","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(84)90040-9","volume":"94","author":"NM Mili?evi?","year":"1984","unstructured":"Mili?evi? NM, Mili?evi? ZJ, Pileti? O, Mujovi? S, Ninkov V (1984) Patterns of thymic regeneration of rats after a single or divided doses of cyclophosphamide. J Comp Pathol 94:197?202","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"CR42","first-page":"89","volume":"150","author":"NM Mili?evi?","year":"1987","unstructured":"Mili?evi? NM, Mili?evi? ZJ, Pileti? O, Mujovi? S (1987) Ultrastructural study of macrophages in the thymus, with special references to the cortio-medullary zone. J Anat 150:89?98","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1330163","volume":"133","author":"G Millington","year":"1992","unstructured":"Millington G, Buckingham JC (1992) Thymic peptides and neuroendocrine-immune communication. J Endocrinol 133:163?168","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(74)90036-1","volume":"2","author":"JW Moorhead","year":"1974","unstructured":"Moorhead JW, Kite JH Jr, McClusky RT, Werdelin Q, Wick G (1974) Migration patterns of thymus and bursa lymphocytes in normal chickens and obese strain chickens with spontaneous thyroiditis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 2:160?177","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"CR45","first-page":"149","volume":"13","author":"R Pabst","year":"1989","unstructured":"Pabst R, Binns RM, Westermann J (1989) What is the function of peripheral lymphocytes migrating to the thymus and of B-lymphocytes proliferating in the thymus? Thymus 13:149?156","journal-title":"Thymus"},{"key":"CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1030528","volume":"103","author":"F Pacini","year":"1983","unstructured":"Pacini F, Nakamura H, Degroot LJ (1983) Effect of hypo- and hyperthyroidism on the balance between helper and suppressor T cells in rats. Acta Endocrinol 103:528?534","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol"},{"key":"CR47","first-page":"37","volume":"133","author":"O Redmond","year":"1981","unstructured":"Redmond O, Tuffery AR (1981) Thyroid proliferation, body weight thyrotropin and thyroid hormones in chronic antithyroid (carbimazole) treatment in rats. J Anat 133:37?47","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.17.1.208","volume":"17","author":"ES Reynolds","year":"1963","unstructured":"Reynolds ES (1963) The use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron-opaque stain in microscopy. J Cell Biol 17:208?212","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3109\/10520296009114754","volume":"35","author":"KC Richardson","year":"1960","unstructured":"Richardson KC, Jarett L, Finke EH (1960) Embedding in epoxy resins for ultra-thin sectioning in electron microscopy. Stain Technology 35:313?323","journal-title":"Stain Technology"},{"key":"CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.94.1.172","volume":"94","author":"G Saint-Marie","year":"1965","unstructured":"Saint-Marie G (1965) Plasmocytes in the thymus of the normal rat. J Immunol 94:172?176","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"CR51","first-page":"177","volume":"2","author":"D Schmitt","year":"1980","unstructured":"Schmitt D, Monier JC, Dardenne M, Pleau JM, Deschaux P, Bach JF (1980) Cytoplasmic localization of FTS (fateur thymique s\u00e9rique) in thymic epithelial cells. An immuno-electron microscopical study. Thymus 2:177?186","journal-title":"Thymus"},{"key":"CR52","first-page":"623","volume-title":"The thymus in immuno-biology, structure, function and role in disease","author":"R Siegler","year":"1964","unstructured":"Siegler R (1964) The morphology of the thymuses and their relation to leukaemia. In: Good RA, Gabrielson AE (eds) The thymus in immuno-biology, structure, function and role in disease. Harper and Row, New York London, pp 623?655"},{"key":"CR53","first-page":"596","volume":"75","author":"J Spencer","year":"1992","unstructured":"Spencer J, Choy M, Hussell T, Papadaki L, Kington JP, Isaacson PG (1992) Properties of human thymic B cells. Immunology 75:596?600","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"CR54","series-title":"Current topics in pathology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-82480-7_2","volume-title":"The human thymus. Histophysiology and pathology","author":"GG Steinmann","year":"1986","unstructured":"Steinmann GG (1986) Changes in the human thymus during ageing. In: M\u00fcller-Hermelink HK (ed) The human thymus. Histophysiology and pathology. Current topics in pathology, vol 75. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 43?88"},{"key":"CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5320(67)80134-5","volume":"17","author":"I T\u00f6ro","year":"1967","unstructured":"T\u00f6ro I, Olah I (1967) Penetration of thymocytes into the blood circulation. J Ultra Res 17:439?451","journal-title":"J Ultra Res"},{"key":"CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700690119","volume":"69","author":"JA Weaver","year":"1955","unstructured":"Weaver JA (1955) Changes induced in the thymus and lymph nodes of the rat by administration of cortisone and sex hormones and by other procedures. J Pathol Bact 69:133?139","journal-title":"J Pathol Bact"},{"key":"CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00217140","volume":"237","author":"FP Wijngaert van de","year":"1984","unstructured":"Wijngaert van de FP, Kendall MD, Schuurman H-J, Rademakers LHMP, Kater L (1984) Heterogeneity of human thymus epithelial cells at the ultrastructural level. Cell Tissue Res 237:227?237","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/284555a0","volume":"284","author":"AH Wyllie","year":"1980","unstructured":"Wyllie AH (1980) Glucocorticoid induces in thymocytes a nuclease-like activity associated with the chromatin condensation of apoptosis. Nature 284:555?556","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Cell and Tissue Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00300217.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00300217\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00300217","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T13:42:03Z","timestamp":1682775723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF00300217"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,9]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,9]]}},"alternative-id":["BF00300217"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00300217","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-766X","1432-0878"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-766X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0878","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,9]]}}}