{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:31:54Z","timestamp":1791397914136,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1990,5,1]],"date-time":"1990-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":641520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Dermatol Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf00372617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,4]],"date-time":"2004-11-04T10:13:23Z","timestamp":1099563203000},"page":"168-171","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["A possible mechanism of action for azelaic acid in the human epidermis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"282","author":[{"given":"K. U.","family":"Schallreuter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. W.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"CR1","unstructured":"Breathnach AS, Ward BJ, Robins EJ, Bashin Y, Ethridge L, Passi S, Nazzaro-Porro M (1985) Analytic ultrastructural auto-radiographic localization by 3H dicarboxylic acids in cultured normal human melanocytes and keratinocytes. In: Bagnara J, Klaus SN, Paul E, Schartl M (eds) Biological, molecular, and clinical aspects of pigmentation. XIIth International Pigment Cell Conference. University of Tokyo Press, pp 627?641"},{"key":"CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1987.tb05887.x","volume":"116","author":"VR Doherty","year":"1987","unstructured":"Doherty VR, Ashworth J, Cox N (1987) Azelaic acid in lentigo maligna. Br J Dermatol 116:606","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)77137-3","volume":"245","author":"HW Duckworth","year":"1970","unstructured":"Duckworth HW, Coleman JE (1970) Physicochemical and kinetic properties of mushroom tyrosinase. Biol Chem 245:1613?1619","journal-title":"Biol Chem"},{"key":"CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.129.2.967-972.1977","volume":"129","author":"J Fuchs","year":"1977","unstructured":"Fuchs J (1977) Isolation of an Escherichia coli mutant deficient in thioredoxin reductase. J Bacteriol 129:967?974","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.54.070185.001321","volume":"54","author":"A Holmgren","year":"1985","unstructured":"Holmgren A (1985) Thioredoxin. Annu Rev Biochem 54:237?271","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"CR6","volume-title":"Thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems: structure and function","author":"A Holmgren","year":"1986","unstructured":"Holmgren A, Branden C-I, Jornvall H, Sjoberg B-M (1986) Thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems: structure and function. Raven Press, New York"},{"key":"CR7","first-page":"7474","volume":"84","author":"BS Kwon","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kwon BS, Hag AK, Pomerantz SH, Halaban R (1987) Isolation and sequence of a cDNA clone for human tyrosinase that maps at the mouse c-albino locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:7474?7479","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1986.tb05764.x","volume":"115","author":"JP Leeming","year":"1986","unstructured":"Leeming JP, Holland KT, Bojar RA (1986) The in vitro antimicrobial effect of azelaic acid. Br J Dermatol 115:551?558","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12277084","volume":"85","author":"H Leibl","year":"1985","unstructured":"Leibl H, Stingl G, Pehamburger H, Korchan H, Konrad K, Wolf K (1985) Inhibition of DNA synthesis of melanoma cells by azelaic acid. J Invest Dermatol 85:417?422","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"CR10","unstructured":"Lerch K (1988) Protein and active site structure of tyrosinase. In: Bagnara JT (ed) Advances in pigment cell research. Prog Clin Biol Res 256:88?97"},{"key":"CR11","first-page":"79","volume":"19","author":"HS Mason","year":"1957","unstructured":"Mason HS (1957) Mechanism of oxygen metabolism. Adv Enzymol 19:79?86","journal-title":"Adv Enzymol"},{"key":"CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1986.tb04876.x","volume":"114","author":"DI McLean","year":"1986","unstructured":"McLean DI, Peter KK (1986) Apparent progression of lentigo maligna to invasive melanoma during treatment with topical azelaic acid. Br J Dermatol 114:685?689","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12547184","volume":"71","author":"M Nazzaro-Porro","year":"1978","unstructured":"Nazzaro-Porro M, Passi S (1978) Identification of tyrosinase inhibitors in cultures of pityrosporum. J Invest Dermatol 71:205?208","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"CR14","first-page":"234","volume":"4","author":"M Nazzaro-Porro","year":"1979","unstructured":"Nazzaro-Porro M, Passi S (1979) Azelaic acid as a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase. Pigment Cell 4:234?243","journal-title":"Pigment Cell"},{"key":"CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12531744","volume":"72","author":"M Nazzaro-Porro","year":"1979","unstructured":"Nazzaro-Porro M, Passi S, Balus L, Breathnach AS (1979) Effect of dicarboxylic acids on lentigo maligna. J Invest Dermatol 72:296?305","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1987.tb12024.x","volume":"117","author":"J Norris","year":"1987","unstructured":"Norris J, Cunliffe WJ, Burke B (1987) Azelaic acid really does work in acne ? a double-blind national and international study. Br J Dermatol 117:34?35","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12531732","volume":"72","author":"MA Pathak","year":"1979","unstructured":"Pathak MA, Wick M, Farinelli W, Fitzpatrick TB (1979) Evaluation of azelaic acid on normal skin pigmentation and on B16 mouse melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 72:266","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12696768","volume":"87","author":"EJ Robins","year":"1986","unstructured":"Robins EJ, Breathnach AS, Bashin VP, Ethridge L, Nazzaro-Porro M, Passi S, Picardo M (1986) Azelaic acid. J Invest Dermatol 87:293?294","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00456842","volume":"280","author":"KU Schallreuter","year":"1988","unstructured":"Schallreuter KU, Pittelkow MR (1988) Defective calcium uptake system in vitiligo. Arch Dermatol Res 280:137?139","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12456424","volume":"90","author":"KU Schallreuter","year":"1988","unstructured":"Schallreuter KU, Witkop CJ Jr (1988) Thioredoxin reductase activity in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. A method for identification of putative heterozygotes. J Invest Dermatol 90:372?377","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(86)90487-0","volume":"136","author":"KU Schallreuter","year":"1986","unstructured":"Schallreuter KU, Wood JM (1986) The role of thioredoxin reductase in the reduction of free radicals at the surface of the epidermis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 136:630?637","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3835(87)90023-1","volume":"36","author":"KU Schallreuter","year":"1987","unstructured":"Schallreuter KU, Wood JM (1987) Azelaic acid as a competitive inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase in human melanoma cells. Cancer Lett 36:297?305","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(88)90194-8","volume":"967","author":"KU Schallreuter","year":"1988","unstructured":"Schallreuter KU, Wood JM (1988) The activity and purification of membrane-associated thioredoxin reductase from human metastatic melanotic melanoma. Biochim Biophys Acta 967:103?109","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(89)90045-2","volume":"6","author":"KU Schallreuter","year":"1989","unstructured":"Schallreuter KU, Wood JM (1989) Free radical reduction in the human epidermis. Free Radic Biol Med 6:519?531","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/0738-081X(89)90060-6","volume":"7","author":"KU Schallreuter","year":"1989","unstructured":"Schallreuter KU, Wood JM (1989) Thioredoxin reductase and its clinical significance in control of the pigmentary system in clinical aspects of pigmentary disorders. Clin Dermatol 7:92?105","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4838(89)90194-5","volume":"997","author":"KU Schallreuter","year":"1989","unstructured":"Schallreuter KU, Wood JM (1989) Calcium regulates thioredoxin reductase in human metastatic melanoma. Biochim Biophys Acta 997:242?247","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-0134(86)80086-1","volume":"28","author":"KU Schallreuter","year":"1986","unstructured":"Schallreuter KU, Pittelkow MR, Gleason FK, Wood JM (1986) The role of calcium in the regulation of free radical reduction by thioredoxin reductase at the surface of the skin. Inorganic Biochem 28:227?238","journal-title":"Inorganic Biochem"},{"key":"CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8670229","volume":"70","author":"KU Schallreuter","year":"1986","unstructured":"Schallreuter KU, Schulz KH, Wood JM (1986) The induction of contact dermatitis in guinea pigs by quaternary ammonium compounds: the mechanism of antigen formation. Environ Health Perspect 70:229?237","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12456848","volume":"87","author":"KU Schallreuter","year":"1986","unstructured":"Schallreuter KU, Pittelkow MR, Wood JM (1986) Free radical-reduction by thioredoxin reductase at the surface of normal and vitiliginous keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 87:728?732","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1987.01660290083021","volume":"123","author":"KU Schallreuter","year":"1987","unstructured":"Schallreuter KU, Hordinsky MR, Wood JM (1987) Thioredoxin reductase: free radical reduction by thioredoxin reductase on the skin of different hypopigmentation disorders. Arch Dermatol 123:615?619","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"CR31","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Thioredoxin reductase in primary melanoma and surrounding skin","author":"KU Schallreuter","year":"1987","unstructured":"Schallreuter KU, Wood JM, Breitbart EW, Kimmig W, Hicks R, Radloff H, J\u00c4nner M (1987) Thioredoxin reductase in primary melanoma and surrounding skin. European Society for Pigment Cell Research, Sorrento, Italy, Proceedings, pp 41, 95"},{"key":"CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1693(00)83474-X","volume":"151","author":"JM Wood","year":"1988","unstructured":"Wood JM, Schallreuter KU (1988) Reduced thioredoxin inhibits melanin biosynthesis: evidence for the formation of a stable bis-cysteinate complex with tyrosinase. Inorganica Chem Acta 151:7","journal-title":"Inorganica Chem Acta"}],"container-title":["Archives of Dermatological Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00372617.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00372617\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00372617","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]],"date-time":"2021-06-27T16:52:46Z","timestamp":1624812766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF00372617"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,5]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,5]]}},"alternative-id":["BF00372617"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00372617","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-3696","1432-069X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-3696","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-069X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,5]]}}}