{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T18:17:54Z","timestamp":1778869074499,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1993,5,1]],"date-time":"1993-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":736214400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf00402270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,9]],"date-time":"2004-11-09T07:17:54Z","timestamp":1099984674000},"page":"371-377","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":144,"title":["Particular HLA-DQ molecules play a dominant role in determining susceptibility or resistance to Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Thorsby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. S.","family":"R\ufffdnningen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00262007","volume":"20","author":"AH Barnett","year":"1981","unstructured":"Barnett AH, Eff C, Leslie RDG, Pyke DA (1981) Diabetes in identical twins. Diabetologia 20: 87?93","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"CR2","first-page":"125","volume":"1","author":"I Deschamps","year":"1984","unstructured":"Deschamps I, Lestradet H, Busson M, Hors J (1984) Evaluation of recurrence risk in siblings of diabetic children: importance of age and birth order in relation to HLA genotypes. Diabetes Res 1: 125?135","journal-title":"Diabetes Res"},{"key":"CR3","volume-title":"HLA 1991","author":"KS R\u00d8nningen","year":"1993","unstructured":"R\u00d8nningen KS, Spurkland A, Tait BD et al. (1993) HLA class II associations in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus among Blacks, Caucasoids and Japanese. In: HLA 1991. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp"},{"key":"CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-313X.1992.tb00047.x","volume":"19","author":"J Trowsdale","year":"1992","unstructured":"Trowsdale J, Campbell RD (1992) Complexity in the major histocompatibility complex. Eur J Immunogenetics 19: 43?55","journal-title":"Eur J Immunogenetics"},{"key":"CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1992.tb01932.x","volume":"39","author":"JG Bodmer","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bodmer JG, Marsch SGE, Albert ED et al. (1992) Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, 1991. Tissue Antigens 39: 161?173","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-8545-5_9","volume-title":"HLA and disease associations","author":"JL Tiwari","year":"1985","unstructured":"Tiwari JL, Terasaki PI (1985) Juvenile diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent) In: Tiwari JL, Terasaki PI (eds) HLA and disease associations. Springer Verlag, New York, pp 185?210"},{"key":"CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.39.2.266","volume":"39","author":"T Awata","year":"1990","unstructured":"Awata T, Kuzuya T, Matsuda A et al. (1990) High frequency of aspartic acid at position 57 of HLA-DQ ?-chain in Japanese Type 1 diabetes patients and nondiabetic subjects. Diabetes 39: 266?269","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"CR8","first-page":"799","volume":"43","author":"G Thomson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Thomson G, Robinson WP, Kuhner MK et al. (1988) Genetic heterogeneity, models of inheritance, and risk estimates for a joint study of Caucasians with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Hum Genet 43: 799?816","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1038\/303815a0","volume":"303","author":"D Owerbach","year":"1983","unstructured":"Owerbach D, Lernmark \u00e5, Platz P et al. (1983) HLA-D region beta-chain DNA endonuclease fragments differ between HLA-DR identical healthy and insulin-dependent diabetic individuals. Nature 303: 815?817","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3335","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.10.3335","volume":"82","author":"O Cohen-Haguenauer","year":"1985","unstructured":"Cohen-Haguenauer O, Robbins E, Busson M et al. (1985) A systematic study of HLA class II-? DNA restriction fragments in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 3335?3339","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/322064a0","volume":"322","author":"H Festenstein","year":"1986","unstructured":"Festenstein H, Award J, Hitman GA et al. (1986) New HLA DNA polymorphisms associated with autoimmune diseases. Nature 322: 64?67","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.164.1.345","volume":"164","author":"BS Nepom","year":"1986","unstructured":"Nepom BS, Palmer J, Kim SJ et al. (1986) Specific genomic markers for the HLA-DQ subregion discriminate between DR4+ insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and DR4+ seropositive juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Exp Med 164: 345?350","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.38.7.942","volume":"38","author":"D Owerbach","year":"1989","unstructured":"Owerbach D, Gunn S, Gabby KH (1989) Primary association of HLA-DQw8 with Type I diabetes in DR4 patients. Diabetes 38: 942?945","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.36.1.114","volume":"36","author":"BS Nepom","year":"1987","unstructured":"Nepom BS, Schwartz D, Palmer JP, Nepom GT (1987) Transcomplementation of HLA genes in Type 1 diabetes. HLA-DQ ?- and ?-chains produce hybrid molecules in DR3\/4 heterozygotes. Diabetes 36: 114?117","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"CR15","first-page":"559","volume":"329","author":"JA Todd","year":"1987","unstructured":"Todd JA, Bell JI, McDevitt HO (1987) HLA-DQ? gene contributes to susceptibility and resistance to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Nature 329: 559?604","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-8859(89)90040-2","volume":"26","author":"KS R\u00d8nningen","year":"1989","unstructured":"R\u00d8nningen KS, Iwe T, Halstensen TS, Spurkland A, Thorsby E (1989) The amino acid at position 57 of the HLA-DQ? chain and susceptibility to develop insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 1 diabetes). Human Immunol 26: 215?225","journal-title":"Human Immunol"},{"key":"CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1989.tb02098.x","volume":"34","author":"KEA Lundin","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lundin KEA, R\u00d8nningen KS, Aono S et al. (1989) HLA-DQ antigens in Japanese patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Detection of a DRw8 DQw8 haplotype. Tissue Antigens 34: 233?241","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114569","volume":"85","author":"I Khalil","year":"1990","unstructured":"Khalil I, dAuriol L, Gobet M et al. (1990) A combination of HLA-DQ? Asp57-negative and HLA-DQ? Arg52 confers susceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 85: 1315?1319","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.41.3.378","volume":"41","author":"I Khalil","year":"1992","unstructured":"Khalil I, Deschamps I, Lepage V, Al-Daccak R, Degos L, Hors J (1992) Dose effect of cis and trans-encoded HLA-DQ?? heterodimers in Type 1 diabetes susceptibility. Diabetes 41: 378?384","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02342447","volume":"35","author":"JL Vicario","year":"1992","unstructured":"Vicario JL, Martinez-Laso J, Corell A et al. (1992) Comparison between HLA-DRB and DQ DNA sequences and classic serological markers as type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus predictive risk markers in the Spanish population. Diabetologia 35: 475?481","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1991.tb01854.x","volume":"37","author":"KS R\u00d8nningen","year":"1991","unstructured":"R\u00d8nningen KS, Spurkland A, Iwe T, Vartdal F, Thorsby E (1991) Distribution of HLA-DRB1, -DQA1 and -DQB1 alleles and DQA1-DQB1 genotypes among Norwegian patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Tissue Antigens 37: 105?111","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113965","volume":"83","author":"MJ Sheeny","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sheeny MJ, Scharf SJ, Rowe JR et al. (1989) A diabetes-susceptible HLA haplotype is best defined by a combination of HLA-DR and -DQ alleles. J Clin Invest 83: 830?835","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00265374","volume":"31","author":"I Deschamps","year":"1988","unstructured":"Deschamps I, Marcelli-Barge A, Poirier JC et al. (1988) Two distinct HLA-DR3 haplotypes are associated with age related heterogeneity in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia 31: 896?901","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"CR24","first-page":"345","volume":"36","author":"MA Degli-Esposti","year":"1992","unstructured":"Degli-Esposti MA, Abraham LJ, McCann V et al. (1992) Ancestral haplotypes reveal the role of the central MHC in the immunogenetics of type 1 diabetes. Immunogenetics 36: 345?356","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3932","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.9.3932","volume":"89","author":"M Colonna","year":"1992","unstructured":"Colonna M, Bresnahan M, Bahram S, Strominger JL, Spies T (1992) Allelic variants of the human putative peptide transporter involved in antigen processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 3932?3936","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.40.6.759","volume":"40","author":"KS R\u00d8nningen","year":"1991","unstructured":"R\u00d8nningen KS, Gjertsen HA, Iwe T, Spurkland A, Hansen T, Thorsby E (1991) Particular HLA-DQ ?? heterodimer associated with type 1 diabetes susceptibility in both DR4-DQw4 Japanese and DR4-DQw8\/DRw8-DQw4 whites. Diabetes 40: 759?763","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"CR27","first-page":"312","volume":"141","author":"WW Kwok","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kwok WW, Schwartz D, Nepom B, Thurtle P, Hock R, Nepom GT (1988) HLA-DQ molecules from ?-? heterodimers of mixed allotype. J Immunol 141: 312?327","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-8859(91)90039-C","volume":"30","author":"HA Gjertsen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gjertsen HA, Lundin KEA, R\u00d8nningen KS, Gaudernack G, Thorsby E (1991) A T lymphocyte clone recognizing a DQ ?? heterodimer encoded in cis by the DR4-DQw4 haplotype and in trans by DR4-DQw8\/DR8-DQw4 heterozygous cells. Human Immunol 30: 226?232","journal-title":"Human Immunol"},{"key":"CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1992.tb02107.x","volume":"40","author":"JM Garcia-Pacheco","year":"1992","unstructured":"Garcia-Pacheco JM, Herbut B, Cutbush S et al. (1992) Distribution of HLA-DQA1, -DQB1 and DRB1 alleles in black type 1 diabetes patients and controls from Zimbabwe. Tissue Antigens 40: 145?149","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.40.4.478","volume":"40","author":"HA Erlich","year":"1991","unstructured":"Erlich HA, Griffith RL, Bugawan TL et al. (1991) Implication of specific DQB1 alleles in genetic susceptibility and resistance by identification of type 1 diabetes siblings with novel HLA-DQB1 allele and unusual DR2 and DR1 haplotypes. Diabetes 40: 478?481","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-8859(92)90065-U","volume":"33","author":"D Zeliszewski","year":"1992","unstructured":"Zeliszewski D, Tiercy J-M, Boitard C et al. (1992) Extensive study of DRB, DQA, and DQB gene polymorphism in 23 DR2-positive, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. Human Immunol 33: 140?147","journal-title":"Human Immunol"},{"key":"CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60753-1","volume":"48","author":"D Charron","year":"1989","unstructured":"Charron D (1989) Molecular basis of human leukocyte antigen class II disease associations. Adv Immunol 48: 107?159","journal-title":"Adv Immunol"},{"key":"CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1192-212","volume":"2","author":"SC Bain","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bain SC, Prins JB, Hearne CM et al. (1992) Insulin gene region-encoded susceptibility to Type 1 diabetes is not restricted to HLA-DR4-positive individuals. Nature Genetics 2: 212?215","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-75741-9_7","volume":"164","author":"A Cooke","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cooke A (1990) An overview on possible mechanisms of destruction of the insulin-producing beta cell. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 164: 125?142","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.09.040191.002523","volume":"9","author":"JB Rothbard","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rothbard JB, Gefter ML (1991) Interactions between immunogenic peptides and MHC proteins. Annu Rev Immunol 9: 527?565","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/329506a0","volume":"329","author":"PJ Bj\u00d8rkman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bj\u00d8rkman PJ, Saper MA, Samraoui B et al. (1987) Structure of the human class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-A2. Nature 329: 506?518","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.6.1799","volume":"145","author":"D O'Sullivan","year":"1990","unstructured":"O'Sullivan D, Sidney J, Appella E et al. (1990) Characterization of the specificity of peptide binding to four DR haplotypes. J Immunol 145: 1799?1808","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1972592","volume":"248","author":"M Blackman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Blackman M, Kappler J, Marrack P (1990) The role of the T cell receptor in positive and negative selection of developing T cells. Science 248: 1335?1341","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2113314","volume":"248","author":"RH Schwartz","year":"1990","unstructured":"Schwartz RH (1990) A cell culture model for T lymphocyte clonal anergy. Science 248: 1349?1355","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1991.tb00601.x","volume":"122","author":"RM Zinkernagel","year":"1991","unstructured":"Zinkernagel RM, Pircher HP, Ohashi P et al. (1991) T and B cell tolerance and responses to viral antigens in transgenic mice: implications for the pathogenesis of autoimmune versus immunopathological disease. Immunol Rev 122: 133?171","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072319","volume":"45","author":"GF Bottazzo","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bottazzo GF, Bosi E, Bonifacio E, Mirakian R, Todd I, Pujol-Borrell R (1989) Pathogenesis of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes: possible mechanisms of autoimmune damage. Brit Med Bull 45: 37?57","journal-title":"Brit Med Bull"},{"key":"CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199207303270502","volume":"327","author":"J Karjalainen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Karjalainen J, Julio MD, Martin MD et al. (1992) A bovine albumin peptide as a possible trigger of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 327: 302?307","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1990.tb00811.x","volume":"118","author":"E M\u00f6ller","year":"1990","unstructured":"M\u00f6ller E, B\u00f6hme J, Valugerdi MA, Ridderstad A, Olerup O (1990) Speculation on mechanisms of HLA associations with autoimmune diseases and the specificity of autoreactive T lymphocytes. Immunol Rev 118: 5?19","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/326304a0","volume":"326","author":"R Pujol-Borrell","year":"1987","unstructured":"Pujol-Borrell R, Todd I, Doshi M et al. (1987) HLA class II induction in human islet cells by interferon-?plus tumour necrosis factor or lymphotoxin. Nature 326: 304?306","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.39.10.1153","volume":"39","author":"GT Nepom","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nepom GT (1990) An unified hypothesis for the complex genetics of HLA associations with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 39: 1153?1157","journal-title":"Diabetes"}],"container-title":["Diabetologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00402270.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00402270\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00402270","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,30]],"date-time":"2023-04-30T02:33:09Z","timestamp":1682821989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF00402270"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,5]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,5]]}},"alternative-id":["BF00402270"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00402270","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-186X","1432-0428"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-186X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0428","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,5]]}}}