{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T22:45:52Z","timestamp":1778021152329,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1987,9,1]],"date-time":"1987-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":557452800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pflugers Arch."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf00581893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,23]],"date-time":"2004-11-23T00:11:21Z","timestamp":1101168681000},"page":"37-43","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Neural nicotinic acetylcholine responses in solitary mammalian retinal ganglion cells"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"410","author":[{"given":"Stuart A.","family":"Lipton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Aizenman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralph H.","family":"Loring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1982.sp014104","volume":"324","author":"M Ariel","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ariel M, Daw NW (1982a) Effects of cholinergic drugs on receptive field properties of rabbit retinal ganglion cells. J Physiol (Lond) 324:135?160","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1982.sp014105","volume":"324","author":"M Ariel","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ariel M, Daw NM (1982b) Pharmacological analysis of directionally sensitive rabbit retinal ganglion cells. J Physiol (Lond) 324:161?185","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1979.sp012958","volume":"295","author":"P Ascher","year":"1979","unstructured":"Ascher P, Large WA, Rang HP (1979) Studies on the mechanism of action of acetylcholine antagonists on rat parasympathetic ganglion cells. J Physiol (Lond) 295:139?170","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/319368a0","volume":"319","author":"J Boulter","year":"1986","unstructured":"Boulter J, Evans K, Goldman D, Martin G, Treen D, Heinemann S, Patrick J (1986) Isolation of a cDNA clone coding for a possible neural nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ?-subunit. Nature 319:368?374","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1038\/317538a0","volume":"317","author":"GE Breitwieser","year":"1985","unstructured":"Breitwieser GE, Szabo G (1985) Uncoupling of cardiac muscarinic and ?-adrenergic receptors from ion channels by a guanine nucleotide analogue. Nature 317:538?540","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"CR6","first-page":"225","volume-title":"Advances in cytopharmacology, vol 3","author":"DA Brown","year":"1979","unstructured":"Brown DA (1979) Neurotoxins and the ganglionic (C6) type of nicotinic receptor. In: Ceccarelli B, Clementi F (eds) Advances in cytopharmacology, vol 3. Raven Press, New York, pp 225?230"},{"key":"CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/319358a0","volume":"319","author":"DA Brown","year":"1986","unstructured":"Brown DA (1986) Acetylcholine and brain cells. Nature 319:358?359","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(77)90981-7","volume":"129","author":"DA Brown","year":"1977","unstructured":"Brown DA, Fumagalli L (1977) Dissociation of ?-bungarotoxin binding and receptor block in the rat superior cervical ganglia. Brain Res 129:165?168","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(83)90902-2","volume":"277","author":"VA Chiappinelli","year":"1983","unstructured":"Chiappinelli VA (1983) Kappa-bungarotoxin: a probe for the neuronal nicotinic receptor in avian ciliary ganglion. Brain Res 277:9?22","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(84)90492-0","volume":"50","author":"VA Chiappinelli","year":"1984","unstructured":"Chiappinelli VA, Dryer S (1984) Nicotinic transmission in sympathetic ganglia: blockade by the snake venom neurotoxin kappabungarotoxin. Neurosci Lett 50:239?244","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1985.tb11081.x","volume":"85","author":"PBS Clark","year":"1985","unstructured":"Clark PBS, Hommer DW, Pert A, Skirboll LR (1985) Electrophysiological actions of nicotine on substantia nigra single units. Br J Pharmacol 85:827?835","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6612345","volume":"221","author":"AE Cole","year":"1983","unstructured":"Cole AE, Nicoll RA (1983) Acetylcholine mediates a slow synaptic potential in hippocampal pyramidal cells. Science 221:1299?1301","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)90106-2","volume":"107","author":"AW Duggan","year":"1976","unstructured":"Duggan AW, Hall JG, Lee CY (1976) Alpha-bungarotoxin, cobra toxin and excitation of Renshaw cells by acetylcholine. Brain Res 107:166?170","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1954.sp005226","volume":"126","author":"JC Eccles","year":"1954","unstructured":"Eccles JC, Fatt P, Koketsu K (1954) Cholinergic and inhibitory synapses in a pathway from motor-axon collaterals to motoneurones. J Physiol (Lond) 126:524?562","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(86)90281-2","volume":"19","author":"TM Egan","year":"1986","unstructured":"Egan TM, North RA (1986a) Actions of acetylcholine and nicotine on rat locus coeruleus neurons in vitro. Neuroscience 19:565?571","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/319405a0","volume":"319","author":"TM Egan","year":"1986","unstructured":"Egan TM, North RA (1986b) Acetylcholine hyperpolarizes central neurons by acting on an M2 muscarinic receptor. Nature 319:405?407","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1982.sp014393","volume":"331","author":"EM Fenwick","year":"1982","unstructured":"Fenwick EM, Marty A, Neher E (1982) A patch clamp study of bovine chromaffin cells and of their sensitivity to acetylcholine. J Physiol (Lond) 331:577?597","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"CR18","first-page":"1505","volume":"12","author":"MP Frosch","year":"1986","unstructured":"Frosch MP, Phillips MD, Aizenman E, Tauck DL, Lipton SA (1986) Nicotinic cholinergic blocking agents enhance process outgowth by solitary rat retinal ganglion cells in culture. Soc Neurosci Abstr 12:1505","journal-title":"Soc Neurosci Abstr"},{"key":"CR19","first-page":"146","volume":"10","author":"M Galvan","year":"1984","unstructured":"Galvan M, Satin LS, Adams PR (1984) Comparison of conventional microelectrode and whole-cell patch clamp recordings from cultured bullfrog ganglion cells. Soc Neurosci Abstr 10:146","journal-title":"Soc Neurosci Abstr"},{"key":"CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(82)90954-4","volume":"250","author":"JV Halliwell","year":"1982","unstructured":"Halliwell JV, Adams PA (1982) Voltage-clamp analysis of muscarinic excitation in hippocampal neurons. Brain Res 250:71?92","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00656997","volume":"391","author":"OP Hamill","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hamill OP, Marty A, Neher E, Sakmann B, Sigworth FJ (1981) Improved patch-clamp techniques for high-resolution current recording from cells and cell-free membrane patches. Pfl\ufffdgers Arch 391:85?100","journal-title":"Pfl\ufffdgers Arch"},{"key":"CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1038\/294462a0","volume":"294","author":"OP Hamill","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hamill OP, Sakmann B (1981) Multiple conductance states of single acetylcholine receptor channels in embryonic muscle cells. Nature 294:462?464","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1983.sp014979","volume":"345","author":"GI Hatton","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hatton GI, Ho YW, Mason WT (1983) Synaptic activation of phasic bursting in rat supraoptic nucleus neurones recorded in hypothalamic slices. J Physiol (Lond) 345:297?317","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(82)91135-6","volume":"7","author":"M Ikeda","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ikeda M, Sheardown MJ (1982) Acetylcholine may be an excitatory transmitter mediating visual excitation of ?transient? cells with the periphery effect in the cat retina: ionotophoretic studies in vivo. Neuroscience 7:1299?1308","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1971.sp009467","volume":"215","author":"K Krnjevic","year":"1971","unstructured":"Krnjevic K, Pumain R, Renaud L (1971) The mechanism of excitation by acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex. J Physiol (Lond) 215:247?268","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9673(72)80009-8","volume":"72","author":"CY Lee","year":"1972","unstructured":"Lee CY, Chang SL, Kau ST, Luh S-H (1972) Chromatographic separation of the venom ofBungarus multicinctus and characterization of its components. J Chromatogr 72:71?82","journal-title":"J Chromatogr"},{"key":"CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6143400","volume":"224","author":"D Leifer","year":"1984","unstructured":"Leifer D, Lipton SA, Barnstable CJ, Masland RH (1984) Monoclonal antibody to Thy-1 enhances regeneration of processes by rat retinal ganglion cells in culture. Science 224:303?306","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9774","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.24.9774","volume":"83","author":"SA Lipton","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lipton SA (1986) Blockade of electrical activity promotes the death of mammalian retinal ganglion cells in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:9774?9778","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1987.sp016497","volume":"85","author":"SA Lipton","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lipton SA, Tauck DL (1987) Voltage-dependent conductances of solitary ganglion cells dissociated from the rat retina. J Physiol (Lond) 85:361?391","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"CR30","first-page":"635","volume":"12","author":"SA Lipton","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lipton SA, Aizenman E, Tauck DL (1986) Patch-clamp recordings of nicotinic cholinergic responses in solitary rat retinal ganglion cells in culture. Soc Neurosci Abstr 12:635","journal-title":"Soc Neurosci Abstr"},{"key":"CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loring RH, Zigmond RE (1987) Ultrastructural distribution of125I-toxin F binding sites on chick ciliary neurons: synaptic localization of a toxin that blocks ganglionic nicotinic receptors. J Neurosci (in press)","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.07-07-02153.1987"},{"key":"CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(84)90209-4","volume":"11","author":"RH Loring","year":"1984","unstructured":"Loring RH, Chiappinelli VA, Zigmond RE, Cohen JB (1984) Characterization of a snake venom neurotoxin which blocks nicotinic transmission in the avian ciliary ganglion. Neuroscience 11:989?999","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)91543-X","volume":"36","author":"RH Loring","year":"1986","unstructured":"Loring RH, Andrews D, Lane W, Zigmond RE (1986) Amino acid sequence of toxin F, a snake venom that blocks neuronal nicotinic receptors. Brain Res 36:30?37","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1976.39.6.1220","volume":"39","author":"RH Masland","year":"1976","unstructured":"Masland RH, Ames A III (1976) Responses to acetylcholine of ganglion cells in an isolated mammalian retina. J Neurophysiol 39:1220?1235","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/319402a0","volume":"319","author":"DA McCormick","year":"1986","unstructured":"McCormick DA, Prince DA (1986) Acetylcholine induces burst firing in thalamic reticular neurons by activating a potassium conductance. Nature 319:402?405","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(81)90013-8","volume":"3","author":"BJ Morley","year":"1981","unstructured":"Morley BJ, Kemp GF (1981) Characterization of a putative nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in mammalian brain. Brain Res Rev 3:81?104","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"CR37","first-page":"191","volume-title":"Progress in retinal research, vol 2","author":"MJ Neal","year":"1983","unstructured":"Neal MJ (1983) Cholinergic mechanisms in the vertebrate retina. In: Osborne NN, Chader GJ (eds) Progress in retinal research, vol 2. Pergamon Press, Oxford New York, pp 191?212"},{"key":"CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00670535","volume":"400","author":"DC Ogden","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ogden DC, Gray PTA, Colquhoun D, Rang HP (1984) Kinetics of acetylcholine activated ion channels in chick ciliary ganglion neurones grown in tissue culture. Pfl\ufffdgers Arch 400:44?50","journal-title":"Pfl\ufffdgers Arch"},{"key":"CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(81)90239-6","volume":"6","author":"RF Oswald","year":"1981","unstructured":"Oswald RF, Freeman JA (1981) Alpha-bungarotoxin binding and central nervous system nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Neuroscience 6:1?14","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/317536a0","volume":"317","author":"PJ Pfaffinger","year":"1985","unstructured":"Pfaffinger PJ, Martin JM, Hunter DD, Nathanson NM, Hille B (1985) GTP-binding proteins couple cardiac muscarinic receptors to a K-channel. Nature 317:536?538","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"CR41","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Retinal transmitters and modulators: models for the brain, vol 1, chapt 2","author":"DG Puro","year":"1985","unstructured":"Puro DG (1985) Cholinergic systems. In: Morgan WW (ed) Retinal transmitters and modulators: models for the brain, vol 1, chapt 2. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 63?91"},{"key":"CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.4.2072","volume":"76","author":"PM Ravdin","year":"1979","unstructured":"Ravdin PM, Berg DK (1979) Inhibition of neuronal acetylcholine sensitivity by alpha-toxins fromBungarus multicinctus venom. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:2072?2076","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(87)90247-8","volume":"20","author":"DWY Sah","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sah DWY, Loring RH, Zigmond RE (1987) Long-term blockade by toxin F of nicotinic synaptic potentials in cultured sympathetic neurons. Neuroscience 20:867?874","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(78)90085-5","volume":"16","author":"N Shechter","year":"1978","unstructured":"Shechter N, Hardy IC, Pezzementi L, Schmidt J (1978) Distribution of ?-bungarotoxin binding sites in the central nervous system and peripheral organs of the rat. Toxicon 16:245?251","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/298272a0","volume":"298","author":"A Trautman","year":"1982","unstructured":"Trautman A (1982) Curare can open and block ionic channels associated with cholinergic receptors. Nature 298:272?275","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Pfl\ufffdgers Archiv European Journal of Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00581893.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00581893\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00581893","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,9]],"date-time":"2019-04-09T16:47:47Z","timestamp":1554828467000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF00581893"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1987,9]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,9]]}},"alternative-id":["BF00581893"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00581893","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-6768","1432-2013"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-6768","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2013","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1987,9]]}}}