{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T02:44:55Z","timestamp":1778899495441,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1988,1,1]],"date-time":"1988-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":567993600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf00735884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,4]],"date-time":"2004-12-04T12:44:04Z","timestamp":1102164244000},"page":"74-78","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Piracetam elevates muscarinic cholinergic receptor density in the frontal cortex of aged but not of young mice"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"H.","family":"Pilch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. E.","family":"M\ufffdller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(81)90052-X","volume":"2","author":"RT Bartus","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bartus RT, Dean RL, Sherman KA, Friedman E, Beer B (1981) Profound effect of combining choline and piracetam on memory enhancement and cholinergic functions in aged rats. Neurobiol Aging 2:3?8","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7046051","volume":"217","author":"RT Bartus","year":"1982","unstructured":"Bartus RT, Dean RL, Beer B, Lippa AS (1982) The cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction. Science 217:408?417","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"CR3","first-page":"1350","volume":"35","author":"B Bering","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bering B, M\u00fcller WE (1985) Interaction of piracetam with several neurotransmitter receptors in the central nervous system. Arzneimittelforschung 35:1350?1352","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(86)90002-3","volume":"19","author":"D Collerton","year":"1986","unstructured":"Collerton D (1986) Cholinergic function and intellectual decline in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 19:1?28","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(87)90139-9","volume":"22","author":"M Davidson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Davidson M, Mohs RC, Hollander E, Zemishlany Z, Powchik P, Ryan T, Davis KL (1987) Lecithin and piracetam in Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry 22:112?114","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(84)90189-9","volume":"35","author":"G Fontani","year":"1984","unstructured":"Fontani G, Grazzi F, Meucci M (1984) Effect of piracetam plus choline treatment on hipppocampal rhythmic slow activity (RSA) and behavior in rabbits. Life Sci 35:1183?1189","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(86)90408-9","volume":"25","author":"SR Franklin","year":"1986","unstructured":"Franklin SR, Sethy VH, Tang AH (1986) Amnesia produced by intracerebroventricular injections of hemicholinium-3 in mice was prevented by pretreatment with piracetam-like compounds. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 25:925?927","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(80)90153-8","volume":"26","author":"G Freund","year":"1980","unstructured":"Freund G (1980) Cholinergic receptor loss in brains of aging mice. Life Sci 26:371?375","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0531-5565(86)90016-1","volume":"21","author":"G Freund","year":"1986","unstructured":"Freund G, Brophy TR, Scott JD (1986) Membrane fluidization increases low-affinity muscarinic receptor binding in brain; changes with aging. Exp Gerontol 21:37?44","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"CR10","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Alcoholism in the Elderly","author":"G Freund","year":"1984","unstructured":"Freund G (1984) Neurotransmitter function in relation to aging and alcoholism. In: Hartford JT, Samorajski T (eds) Alcoholism in the Elderly. Raven Press, New York, pp 65?83"},{"key":"CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198106043042308","volume":"304","author":"E Friedman","year":"1981","unstructured":"Friedman E, Sherman KA, Ferris SH, Reisberg B, Bartus RT, Schneck MK (1981) Clinical response to choline plus piracetam in senile dementia: relation to red-cell choline levels. N Engl J Med 304:1490?1491","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"CR12","first-page":"349","volume":"83","author":"CE Giurgea","year":"1983","unstructured":"Giurgea CE, Greindl M-G, Preat S (1983) Nootropic drugs and aging. Acta Psychiatr Belg 83:349?358","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Belg"},{"key":"CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(86)90007-2","volume":"7","author":"JH Growdon","year":"1986","unstructured":"Growdon JH, Corkin S, Huff FJ, Rosen TJ (1986) Piracetam combined with lecithin in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 7:269?276","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"CR14","unstructured":"Iversen LL (1986) The cholinergic hypothesis of dementia TIPS suppl. (Subtypes of muscarinic receptors II)"},{"key":"CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.430050108","volume":"5","author":"CA Johns","year":"1985","unstructured":"Johns CA, Haroutunian V, Greenwald BS, Mohs RC, Davis BM, Kanof P, Horvath TB, Davis KL (1985) Development of cholinergic drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Drug Dev Res 5:77?96","journal-title":"Drug Dev Res"},{"key":"CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","volume":"193","author":"OH Lowry","year":"1951","unstructured":"Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193:265?275","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedata F, Moroni F, Pepeu GC (1984) Effect of nootropic agents on brain cholinergic mechanism. Clin Neuropharmacol [Suppl 1] 7:S 416","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-198406001-00382"},{"key":"CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(85)90084-0","volume":"37","author":"NW Pedigo","year":"1985","unstructured":"Pedigo NW, Polk DM (1985) Reduced muscarinic receptor plasticity in frontal cortex of aged rats after chronic administration of cholinergic drugs. Life Sci 37:1443?1449","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(84)90067-8","volume":"5","author":"NW Pedigo","year":"1984","unstructured":"Pedigo NW, Minor LD, Krumrei TN (1984) Cholinergic drug effects and brain muscarinic receptor binding in aged rats. Neurobiol Aging 5:227?233","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pilch H, M\u00fcller WE (1987) Chronic treatment with choline or scopolamine indicates the presence of muscarinic cholinergic receptor plasticity in the frontal cortex of young but not of aged mice. J Neural Transm (in press)","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01259408"},{"key":"CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(84)90216-8","volume":"21","author":"A Platel","year":"1984","unstructured":"Platel A, Jalfre M, Pawelec C, Roux S, Porsolt RD (1984) Habituation of exploratory activity in mice: effects of combinations of piracetam and choline on memory processes. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 21:209?212","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"CR22","first-page":"388","volume":"12","author":"N Pomara","year":"1984","unstructured":"Pomara N, Block R, Moore N, Rhiew HB, Berchou R, Stanley N, Gershon S (1984) Combined piracetam and cholinergic precursor treatment for primary degenerative dementia. IRCS Med Sci 12:388?389","journal-title":"IRCS Med Sci"},{"key":"CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.430030503","volume":"3","author":"TA Pugsley","year":"1983","unstructured":"Pugsley TA, Shih YH, Coughenour L, Stewart SF (1983) Some neurochemical properties of pramiracetam (Cl-879), a new cognition-enhancing agent. Drug Dev Res 3:407?420","journal-title":"Drug Dev Res"},{"key":"CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100037215","volume":"13","author":"R Quirion","year":"1986","unstructured":"Quirion R, Martel JC, Robitaille Y, Etienne P, Wood P, Nair NPV, Gauthier S (1986) Neurotransmitter and receptor deficits in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Can J Neurol Sci 13:503?510","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(85)90311-X","volume":"36","author":"YH Shih","year":"1985","unstructured":"Shih YH, Pugsley TA (1985) The effects of various cognition-enhancing drugs on in vitro rat hippocampal synaptosomal sodium dependent high affinity choline uptake. Life Sci 36:2145?2152","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"CR26","first-page":"542","volume":"20","author":"RC Smith","year":"1984","unstructured":"Smith RC, Vroulis G, Johnson R, Morgan R (1984) Comparison of therapeutic response to long-term treatment with lecithin versus piracetam plus lecithin in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacol Bull 20:542?545","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410140502","volume":"14","author":"RD Terry","year":"1983","unstructured":"Terry RD, Katzman R (1983) Senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Ann Neurol 14:497?506","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trovarelli G, Gaiti A, De Medio G, Brunetti M, Porcellati G (1984) Biochemical studies on the nootropic drug oxiracetam in brain. Clin Neuropharmacol [Suppl 1] 7:S 418","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-198406001-00384"},{"key":"CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1159\/000468431","volume":"15","author":"L Valzelli","year":"1980","unstructured":"Valzelli L, Bernasconi S, Sala A (1980) Piracetam activity might differ according to the age of the recipient mouse. Int Pharmacopsychiatry 15:150?156","journal-title":"Int Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4943(84)90017-7","volume":"3","author":"C Viticchi","year":"1984","unstructured":"Viticchi C, Gentile S, Piantanelli L (1984) Centrophenoxine-induced increase of beta-adrenoceptor density in brain cortex of old mice. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 3:77?82","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/0531-5565(83)90020-7","volume":"18","author":"SB Waller","year":"1983","unstructured":"Waller SB, London ED (1983) Age-differences in choline acetyl-transferase activities and muscarinic receptor binding in brain regions of C 57 BL\/6J mice. Exp Gerontol 18:419?425","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1094617","volume":"12","author":"H Woelk","year":"1979","unstructured":"Woelk H (1979) Effects of piracetam on the incorporation of32P into the phospholipids of neurons and glial cells isolated from rabbit cerebral cortex. Pharmacopsychiatry 12:251?256","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(86)90360-7","volume":"39","author":"WG Wood","year":"1986","unstructured":"Wood WG, Gorka C, Armbrecht HJ, Williamson LS, Strong R (1986) Fluidizing effects of centrophenoxine in vitro on brain and liver membranes from different age groups of mice. Life Sci 39:2089?2095","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(76)90400-7","volume":"25","author":"RJ Wurtman","year":"1976","unstructured":"Wurtman RJ, Fernstrom JD (1976) Control of brain neurotransmitter synthesis by precursor availability and nutritional state. Biochem Pharmacol 25:1691?1696","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(81)90685-8","volume":"28","author":"RJ Wurtman","year":"1981","unstructured":"Wurtman RJ, Magill SG, Reinstein DK (1981) Piracetam diminishes hippocampal ACh levels in rats. Life Sci 28:1091?1093","journal-title":"Life Sci"}],"container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00735884.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00735884\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00735884","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T11:59:08Z","timestamp":1625054348000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF00735884"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988]]}},"alternative-id":["BF00735884"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00735884","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3158","1432-2072"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3158","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2072","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988]]}}}