{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T22:11:10Z","timestamp":1767651070290},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,1,1]],"date-time":"1996-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":820454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Springer Semin Immunopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf00792606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,11]],"date-time":"2004-12-11T15:15:37Z","timestamp":1102778137000},"page":"25-34","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The immune response to infectious diseases of the central nervous system: a tenuous balance"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Pachner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1068956","volume":"110","author":"RE Ackermann","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ackermann RE, Gollmer E, Rehse-Kupper B (1985) Progressive Borrelien-Enzephalomyelifs. Chronische Manifestation der Erythema-chronicum-migrans Krankeit am Nervensystem. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 110:1039","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)49698-1","volume":"267","author":"K Amemiya","year":"1992","unstructured":"Amemiya K, Traub R, Durham L, Major EO (1992) Adjacent nuclear factor-1 and activator protein binding sites in the enhancer of the neurotropic JC virus. J Biol Chem 267:14204","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410350315","volume":"35","author":"JP Antel","year":"1994","unstructured":"Antel JP, Williams K, Blain M, McRea E, McLaurin J (1994) Oligodendrocyte lysis by CD4+ T cells is independent of TNF. Ann Neurol 35:341","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/81.1.93","volume":"81","author":"KE Astrom","year":"1958","unstructured":"Astrom KE, Mancall EL, Richardson EP (1958) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Brain 81:93","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90909-9","volume":"190","author":"WJ Atwood","year":"1992","unstructured":"Atwood WJ, Amemiya K, Traub R, Harms J. Major E (1992) Interaction of the human polyoma virus, JCV, with human B lymphocytes. Virology 190:716","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"CR6","first-page":"3","volume":"89","author":"E Aurelius","year":"1993","unstructured":"Aurelius E (1993) Herpes simplex encephalitis. Early diagnosis and immune activation in the acute stage. Scand J Infect Dis [Suppl] 89:3","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis [Suppl]"},{"key":"CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890390302","volume":"39","author":"E Aurelius","year":"1993","unstructured":"Aurelius E, Johansson B, Skoldenberg B, Forsgren M (1993) Encephalitis in immunocompetent patients due to herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2 as determined by type-specific polymerase chain reaction and antibody assays of cerebrospinal fluid. J Med Virol 39:179","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4049","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.68.6.4049-4052.1994","volume":"68","author":"A Azoulay","year":"1994","unstructured":"Azoulay A, Brahic M, Bureau JF (1994) FVB mice transgenic for the H-2D gene become resistant to persistent infection by Theiler's virus. J Virol 68:4049","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/169.4.782","volume":"169","author":"EM Barnett","year":"1994","unstructured":"Barnett EM, Jacobsen G, Evans G, Cassell M, Perlman S (1994) Herpes simplex encephalitis in the temporal cortex and limbic system after trigeminal nerve inoculation. J Infect Dis 169:782","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.4.818","volume":"168","author":"JE Bell","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bell JE, Busutil A, Ironside JW, et al (1993) Human immunodeficiency virus and the brain: investigation of virus load and neuropathological changes in pre-AIDS subjects. J Infect Dis 168:818","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-199406000-00006","volume":"7","author":"B Brew","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brew B (1994) The clinical spectrum and pathogenesis of HIV encephalopathy, myelopathy, and peripheral neuropathy. Curr Opin Neurol 7:209","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"CR12","first-page":"53","volume":"1","author":"P Carrieri","year":"1994","unstructured":"Carrieri P (1994) The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of MS. Int MS J 1:53","journal-title":"Int MS J"},{"key":"CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-199406000-00007","volume":"7","author":"R Cintron","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cintron R, Pachner AR (1994) Spirochetal diseases of the nervous system. Curr Opin Neurol 7:217","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"CR14","first-page":"495","volume":"56","author":"M Dalakas","year":"1991","unstructured":"Dalakas M, Illa I (1991) Post-polio syndrome: concepts in clinical diagnosis, pathogenesis, and etiology. Adv Neurol 56:495","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.176.6.1703","volume":"176","author":"P Genis","year":"1992","unstructured":"Genis P, Jett M, Sermon EW, et al (1992) Cytokines and arachidonic acid metabolites produced during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected macrophage-astroglia interactions: implications for the neuropathogenesis of HIV disease. J Exp Med 176:1703","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.152.2.908","volume":"152","author":"SJ Gerety","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gerety SJ, Karpus WJ, Cubbon AR, et al (1994) Class II-restricted T cell responses in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease. V. Mapping of a dominant immunopathologic VP2 T cell epitope in susceptible SJL\/J mice. J Immunol 152:908","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.152.2.919","volume":"152","author":"SJ Gerety","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gerety SJ, Rundell MK, DalCanto MC, Miller SD (1994) Class II-restricted T cell responses in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease. VI. Potentiation of demyelination with and characterization of an immunopathologic CD4+ T cell line specific for an immunodominant VP2 epitope. J Immunol 152:919","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410300413","volume":"30","author":"SM Gillespie","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gillespie SM, Chang Y, Lemp G, et al (1991) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus, San Francisco, 1981?1989. Ann Neurol 30:597","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.11.2230","volume":"43","author":"JD Glass","year":"1993","unstructured":"Glass JD, Wesselingh SL, Selnes OA, McArthur JC (1993) Clinical-neuropathological correlation in HIV-associated dementia. Neurology 43:2230","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/117.5.987","volume":"117","author":"F Gray","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gray F, Belec L, Chretien F, et al (1994) Varicella zoster virus infection of the central nervous system in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Brain 117:987","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.1.43","volume":"42","author":"JJ Halperin","year":"1992","unstructured":"Halperin JJ, Heyes MP (1992) Neuroactive kynurenines in Lyme borreliosis. Neurology 42:43","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.6.753","volume":"39","author":"J Halperin","year":"1989","unstructured":"Halperin J, Loft BJ, Anand AK, et al (1989) Lyme neuroborreliosis: central nervous system manifestations. Neurology 39:753","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.9.1340","volume":"40","author":"J Halperin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Halperin J, Krupp LB, Golightly MG, Volkman DJ (1990) Lyme borreliosis-associated encephalopathy. Neurology 40:1340","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.11.1735","volume":"40","author":"SL Hauser","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hauser SL, Doolittle TH, Lincoln R, et al (1990) Cytokine accumulations in CSF of MS patients: frequent detection of IL-1 and TNF but not IL-6. Neurology 40:1735","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5540","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.152.11.5540","volume":"152","author":"SJ Hudson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hudson SJ, Streilein JW (1994) Functional cytotoxic T cells are associated with focal lesions in the brains of SJL mice with experimental herpes simplex encephalitis. J Immunol 152:5540","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3364","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.68.5.3364-3368.1994","volume":"68","author":"N Jarousse","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jarousse N, Grant RA, Hogle JM, et al (1994) A single amino acid change determines persistence of a chimeric Theiler's virus. J Virol 68:3364","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-407-02293-5.50016-7","volume-title":"Infections of the nervous system","author":"RT Johnson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Johnson RT, Griffin DE (1987) Post-infectious encephalomyelitis. In: Kennedy PGE, Johnson RT (eds) Infections of the nervous system. London, Butterworths, pp 209?226"},{"key":"CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.7.1263","volume":"42","author":"RF Kaplan","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kaplan RF, Meadows ME, Vincent LC, Logigian EL, Steere AC (1992) Memory impairment and depression in patients with Lyme encephalopathy. Neurology 42:1263","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(94)90165-1","volume":"52","author":"M Kohanawa","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kohanawa M, Nakane A, Asano M, Minagawa T (1994) Theiler's virus is eliminated by a gamma-interferon-independent mechanism in the brain. J Neuroimmunol 52:79","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199011223232102","volume":"323","author":"EL Logigian","year":"1990","unstructured":"Logigian EL, Kaplan RF, Steere AC (1990) Chronic neurological manifestations of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 323:1438","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(93)90033-U","volume":"120","author":"C Lynas","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lynas C, Hill TJ, Maitland NJ, Love S (1993) Latent infection with the MS strain of herpes simplex virus type 2 in the mouse following intracerebral inoculation. J Neurol Sci 120:107","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.5.1.49","volume":"5","author":"ED Major","year":"1992","unstructured":"Major ED, Amemiya K, Tomatore CS, Hour SA, Berger JR (1992) The pathogenesis and molecular biology of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): JC virus induced demyelination disease of the human brain. Clin Microbiol Rev 5:49","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410090613","volume":"9","author":"JR Miller","year":"1981","unstructured":"Miller JR (1981) Prolonged intracerebral infection with poliovirus in asymptomatic mice. Ann Neurol 9:590","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(92)90087-M","volume":"13","author":"M Morganti-Kossman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Morganti-Kossman M, Kossman T, Wahl SM (1992) Cytokines and neuropathology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 13:286","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.31.2.208-214.1993","volume":"31","author":"AR Pachner","year":"1993","unstructured":"Pachner AR, Delaney E (1993) PCR compared to culture and serology in murine experimental Lyme borreliosis. J Clin Microbiol 31:208","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"CR36","first-page":"345","volume":"4","author":"AR Pachner","year":"1993","unstructured":"Pachner AR, Delaney E (1993) Murine Lyme borreliosis: route of inoculation determines immune response and infectivity. Reg Immunol 4:345","journal-title":"Reg Immunol"},{"key":"CR37","first-page":"301","volume":"263","author":"AR Pachner","year":"1986","unstructured":"Pachner AR, Steere AC (1986) CNS manifestations of third stage Lyme disease. Zentralbl Bakteriol Hyg [A]1986; 263:301","journal-title":"Zentralbl Bakteriol Hyg [A]1986"},{"key":"CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520430086023","volume":"46","author":"AR Pachner","year":"1989","unstructured":"Pachner AR, Duray P, Steere AC (1989) Central nervous system manifestations of Lyme disease. Arch Neurol 46:790","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.10.1938","volume":"44","author":"AR Pachner","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pachner AR, Braswefl ST, Delaney E, Amemiya K, Major E (1994) A rabbit model of Lyme neuroborreliosis: characterization by PCR, serology, and sequencing of the OspA gene from brain spirochetes. Neurology 44:1938","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"CR40","first-page":"299","volume":"36","author":"AR Pachner","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pachner AR, Delaney E, O'Neill T (1994) Lyme neuroborreliosis is a persistent infection in the central nervous system in the Rhesus model. Ann Neurol 36:299","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"CR41","first-page":"1355","volume":"44","author":"AR Pachner","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pachner AR, O'Neill TP, Delaney E, Major E (1994) inoculation of non-human primates with the N40 strain ofBorrelia burgdorferi induces a model of Lyme neuroborreliosis faithful to the human disease. Neurology 1994; 44:1355","journal-title":"Neurology 1994"},{"key":"CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.1.165","volume":"45","author":"AR Pachner","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pachner AR, Delaney E, O'Neill T, Major E (1995) Inoculation of non-human primates with the N40 strain ofBorrelia burgdorferi leads to a model of Lyme neuroborreliosis faithful to the human disease. Neurology 45:165","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/127.4.467","volume":"127","author":"BL Padgett","year":"1973","unstructured":"Padgett BL, Walker DL (1973) Prevalence of antibodies inhuman sera against JC virus, an isolate from a case of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Infect Dis 127:467","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.1.121","volume":"41","author":"GB Peter","year":"1991","unstructured":"Peter GB, Boctor FN, Tourtellotte WW (1991) Serum and CSF levels of IL-2, sIL-2r, TNF-?, and IL-1? in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: expected lack of clinical utility. Neurology 41:121","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830230109","volume":"23","author":"JD Peterson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Peterson JD, Karpus WJ, Clatch RJ, Miller SD (1993) Split tolerance of Th1 and Th2 cells in tolerance to Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. Eur J Immunol 23:46","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1041639","volume":"2","author":"L Reik","year":"1982","unstructured":"Reik L (1982) Immune-mediated central nervous system disorders in childhood viral infections. Semin Neurol 2:106","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-407-02293-5.50009-X","volume-title":"Infections of the nervous system","author":"L Reik","year":"1987","unstructured":"Reik L (1987) Spirochetal infections of the nervous system. In: Kennedy Peter GE, Johnson RT, eds. Infections of the nervous system. London, Butterworths, pp 43?75"},{"key":"CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199403000-00004","volume":"53","author":"M Rodriguez","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rodriguez M, Prayoonwiwat N, Howe C, Sanborn K (1994) Proteolipid protein gene expression in demyelination and remyelination of the central nervous system: a model for multiple sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 53:136","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115102","volume":"87","author":"KW Selmaj","year":"1991","unstructured":"Selmaj KW, Raine CS, Cannella B, Brosnan CF (1991) Identification of lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor in MS lesions. J Clin Invest 87:949","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-121-8-199410150-00002","volume":"121","author":"NA Shadick","year":"1994","unstructured":"Shadick NA, Phillips CB, Logigian EL, et al (1994) The long-term clinical outcomes of Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med 121:560","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410310426","volume":"31","author":"C Tornatore","year":"1992","unstructured":"Tornatore C, Berger JR, Houff SA, et al (1992) Detection of JC virus DNA in peripheral lymphocytes from patients with and without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol 31:454","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(93)90062-4","volume":"48","author":"J Welsh","year":"1993","unstructured":"Welsh J, Sapatino B, Rosenbaum B, Smith R, Linthicum S (1993) Correlation between susceptibility to demyelination and interferon-gamma induction of major histocompatibility complex class II antigens on murine cerebrovascular endothelial cells. J Neuroimmunol 48:91","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360422","volume":"36","author":"AA Wiley","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wiley AA, Achim C (1994) Human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis is the pathologic correlate of dementia in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Neurol 36:673","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.30.3.256","volume":"30","author":"ER Willoughby","year":"1980","unstructured":"Willoughby ER, Price RW, Padgett BL, Walker DL, Dupont B (1980) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): in vitro cell-mediated immune responses to mitogens and JC virus. Neurology 30:256","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6943.1541","volume":"308","author":"CJ Woodall","year":"1994","unstructured":"Woodall CJ, Riding MH, Graham DI, Clements GB (1994) Sequences specific for enterovirus detected in spinal cord from patients with motor neuron disease. BMJ 308:1541","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Springer Seminars in Immunopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00792606.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00792606\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00792606","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,30]],"date-time":"2023-04-30T20:54:21Z","timestamp":1682888061000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF00792606"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996]]}},"alternative-id":["BF00792606"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00792606","relation":{},"ISSN":["0344-4325","1432-2196"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0344-4325","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2196","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996]]}}}