{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T15:44:07Z","timestamp":1774885447569,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1989,9,1]],"date-time":"1989-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":620611200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1989,9,1]],"date-time":"1989-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":620611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PAGEOPH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf00876831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,24]],"date-time":"2004-12-24T20:12:00Z","timestamp":1103919120000},"page":"315-331","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["An introduction to quiet daily geomagnetic fields"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"Wallace H.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF00876831_CR1","first-page":"84","volume":"5","author":"P. S. Aab","year":"1925","unstructured":"Aab, P. S. (1925),Report on Terrestrial Magnetism in Siam, Int. Assoc. Geomag. Aeron.,Bul 5, 84\u201386.","journal-title":"Int. Assoc. Geomag. Aeron., Bul"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR2","first-page":"379","volume":"24","author":"V. I. Afanaseva","year":"1984","unstructured":"Afanaseva, V. I. (1984),Diurnal Variations of the Magnetic Field of the Earth and the Structure of the Terrestrial Magnetosphere, Geomag. Aeron. (English ed.)24, 379\u2013384.","journal-title":"Geomag. Aeron."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR3","unstructured":"Airy, G. B.,Autobiography (Cambridge Univ. Press 1896)414 pp."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1029\/JA086iA02p00753","volume":"86","author":"S. I. Akasofu","year":"1981","unstructured":"Akasofu, S. I., andAhn, B. H. (1981),Distribution of the Field-aligned Currents, Ionospheric Currents, and Electric Fields in the Polar Region on a Very Quiet Day and a Moderately Disturbed Day, J. Geophys. Res.86, 753\u2013760.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1029\/JA086iA05p03389","volume":"86","author":"S. I. Akasofu","year":"1981","unstructured":"Akasofu, S. I., Kamide, Y., andKisabeth, J. (1981),Comparison of Two Modelling Methods for Three-dimensional Current Systems, J. Geophys. Res.86, 3389\u20133396.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1029\/JA085iA05p02085","volume":"85","author":"S. I. Akasofu","year":"1980","unstructured":"Akasofu, S. I., Kisabeth, J., Ahn, B. H., andRomick, G. J. (1980), The Spq Magnetic Variation, Equivalent Current, and Field-aligned Current Distribution Obtained from the IMS Alaska Meridian Chain of Magnetometers, J. Geophys. Res.85, 2085\u20132091.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.1029\/JA092iA03p02514","volume":"92","author":"P. G. Ananadarao","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ananadarao, P. G., andRaghavarao, R. (1987),Structural Changes in the Currents and Fields of the Equatorial Electrojet Due to Zonal and Meridional Winds, J. Geophys. Res.92, 2514\u20132526.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/115333a0","volume":"115","author":"E. V. Appleton","year":"1925","unstructured":"Appleton, E. V., andBarnett, M. A. F. (1925),Local Reflections of Wireless Waves from the Upper Atmosphere, Nature115, 333\u2013334.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6802","DOI":"10.1029\/JA078i028p06802","volume":"78","author":"J. C. Armstrong","year":"1973","unstructured":"Armstrong, J. C., andZunda, A. J. (1973),Three-axis Magnetic Measurements and Field-aligned Currents in the Auroral Region: Initial Results. J. Geophys. Res.78, 6802\u20136807.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.1953.0017","volume":"246","author":"W. G. Baker","year":"1953","unstructured":"Baker, W. G., (1953),Electric Currents in the Ionosphere, Part II. The Atmosphere Dynamo, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London,A 246, 295\u2013305.","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, A"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.1953.0016","volume":"246","author":"W. G. Baker","year":"1953","unstructured":"Baker, W. G., andMartyn, D. F. (1953),Electric Currents in the Ionosphere, Part I. The Conductivity, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. LondonA 246, 281\u2013294.","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London A"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1029\/TE045i003p00269","volume":"45","author":"J. Bartels","year":"1940","unstructured":"Bartels, J., andJohnson, H. F. (1940a),Geomagnetic Tides in the Horizontal Intensity at Huancayo, 1: Terr. Mag. Atmes. Electr. (J. Geophys. Res.)45, 269\u2013308.2: (1940b) Terr. Mag. Atmos. Electr. (J. Geophys. Res.)45, 485\u2013592.","journal-title":"Terr. Mag. Atmes. Electr. (J. Geophys. Res.)"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1029\/TE045i004p00425","volume":"4","author":"N. P. Benkova","year":"1940","unstructured":"Benkova, N. P. (1940),Spherical Harmonic Analysis of the Sq-variations May\u2013August 1933. Terr. Mag. Atmos. Electr. (J. Geophys. Res.)4, 425\u2013432.","journal-title":"Terr. Mag. Atmos. Electr. (J. Geophys. Res.)"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR14","first-page":"231","volume":"36","author":"B. N. Bhargava","year":"1980","unstructured":"Bhargava, B. N., Sastri, N. S., Arora, B. R., andRajaram, R. (1980), The Afternoon Counter-electrojet Phenomenon, Ann. Geophys.36, 231\u2013240.","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR15","volume-title":"The Norwegian Aurora Polaris Expedition 1902\u20133","author":"K. Birkeland","year":"1908","unstructured":"Birkeland, K., On the cause of magnetic storms and the origin of terrestrial magnetism, inThe Norwegian Aurora Polaris Expedition 1902\u20133, Vol. 1 (H. Ascheoug, Christiania, Norway 1908)."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/116357a0","volume":"116","author":"G. Breit","year":"1925","unstructured":"Breit, G., andTuve, M. A. (1925),A Radio Method of Estimating the Height of the Conducting Layer. Nature116, 357","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9169(84)90086-2","volume":"26","author":"B. H. Briggs","year":"1984","unstructured":"Briggs, B. H. (1984),The variability of the Ionospheric Dynamo Currents, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys.26, 419\u2013429.","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1981.tb02680.x","volume":"64","author":"E. C. Butcher","year":"1981","unstructured":"Butcher, E. C., andBrown, G. M. (1981),On the Nature of Abnormal Quiet Days in the Sq (H), Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc.64, 513\u2013526.","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4731","DOI":"10.1029\/JA081i025p04731","volume":"81","author":"W. H. Campbell","year":"1976","unstructured":"Campbell, W. H. (1976),Polar Cap Geomagnetic Field Responses to Solar Sector Changes, J. Geophys. Res.81, 4731\u20134744.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6475","DOI":"10.1029\/JA090iA07p06475","volume":"90","author":"W. H. Campbell","year":"1985","unstructured":"Campbell, W. H., andSchiffmacher, E. R. (1985),Quiet Ionospheric Currents of the Northern Hemisphere Derived from Quiet Field Records, J. Geophys. Res.90, 6475\u20136486. (Correction, J. Geophys. Res.91, 9023\u20139024, 1986).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1029\/JA093iA02p00933","volume":"93","author":"W. H. Campbell","year":"1988","unstructured":"Campbell, W. H., andSchiffmacher, E. R. (1988),Quiet Ionospheric Currents of the Southern Hemisphere, Derived from Geomagnetic Records, J. Geophys. Res.93, 933\u2013944.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR22","first-page":"398","volume":"49","author":"C. Canton","year":"1759","unstructured":"Canton, C. (1759),An Attempt to Account for the Regular Diurnal Variation of the Magnetic Needle, Phil. Trans. Soc. LondonA 49, 398\u2013445.","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. Soc. London A"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.1919.0001","volume":"218","author":"S. Chapman","year":"1919","unstructured":"Chapman, S. (1919),The Solar and Lunar Diurnal Variation of the Earth's Magnetism, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London.A 218, 1\u2013118.","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London. A"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02246814","volume":"4","author":"S. Chapman","year":"1951","unstructured":"Chapman, S. (1951),The Equatorial Electrojet as Detected from the Abnormal Current Distribution above Hunacayo, Peru and Elsewhere. Arch. Met. Geophys. Biolaim. Ser.A 4, 368\u2013390.","journal-title":"Arch. Met. Geophys. Biolaim. Ser. A"},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"BF00876831_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02746310","volume":"4","author":"S. Chapman","year":"1956","unstructured":"Chapman, S. (1956),The Electric Conductivity of the Ionosphere: A Review, Nuovo Cime,4, Suppl., 1385\u20131412.","journal-title":"Nuovo Cime"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR26","first-page":"684","volume-title":"Geomagnetism","author":"S. Chapman","year":"1940","unstructured":"Chapman, S., andBartels, J.\nGeomagnetism (Oxford University Press, London 1940) Chap. XX, pp. 684\u2013698."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR27","volume-title":"Mathematical Theory of Non-Uniform Gases","author":"S. Chapman","year":"1952","unstructured":"Chapman, S., andW. G. Cowling,Mathematical Theory of Non-Uniform Gases, 2nd ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, London 1952).","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR28","first-page":"200","volume-title":"Atmospheric Tides","author":"S. Chapman","year":"1970","unstructured":"Chapman, S., andLindzen, R. S.,Atmospheric Tides (D. Reidel Co., Dordrecht, Holland 1970) 200 pp."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9169(65)90020-6","volume":"27","author":"S. Chapman","year":"1965","unstructured":"Chapman, S., andRao, K.S.R. (1965),The H and Z Variations Along and Near the Equatorial Electrojet in India, Africa and the Pacific, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys.27, 559\u2013581.","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1029\/JA093iA04p02749","volume":"93","author":"C. R. Clauer","year":"1988","unstructured":"Clauer, C. R., andFriis-Christensen, E. (1988),High-latitude Fields and Currents During Strong Northward Interplanetary Magnetic Field Observations and Model Simulation. J. Geophys. Res.93, 2749\u20132757.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR31","first-page":"453","volume":"183","author":"T. G. Cowling","year":"1945","unstructured":"Cowling, T. G. (1945),The Electrical Conductivity of an Ionized Gas in a Magnetic Field with Applications to the Solar Atmosphere and the Ionosphere, Proc. Roy. Soc.A 183, 453\u2013479.","journal-title":"Proc. Roy. Soc. A"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR32","series-title":"Nat. Bur. Std. Monograph","first-page":"300","volume-title":"Ionospheric Radio Propagation","author":"K. Davies","year":"1965","unstructured":"Davies, K.,Ionospheric Radio Propagation, Nat. Bur. Std. Monograph80 (U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1965) 300 pp."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1029\/TE052i004p00449","volume":"52","author":"J. Egedal","year":"1947","unstructured":"Egedal, J. (1947),The Magnetic Diurnal Variation of the Horizontal Force Near the Magnetic Equator, Terr. Mag. Atmos. Electr. (J. Geophys. Res.)52, 449\u2013451.","journal-title":"Terr. Mag. Atmos. Electr. (J. Geophys. Res.)"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/161443a0","volume":"161","author":"J. Egedal","year":"1948","unstructured":"Egedal, J. (1948),Daily Variation of the Horizontal Force at the Magnetic Equator, Nature161, 443\u2013444.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1880.0015","volume":"171","author":"W. Ellis","year":"1880","unstructured":"Ellis, W. (1880),On the Relation Between the Diurnal Range of Magnetic Declination and Horizontal Force at Greenwich, 1841 to 1877, and the Period of Solar Spot Frequency, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. LondonA 171, 541\u2013560.","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London A"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9169(53)90054-3","volume":"4","author":"J. A. Fejer","year":"1953","unstructured":"Fejer, J. A. (1953),Semidiurnal Currents and Electron Drifts in the Ionosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys.4, 184\u2013203.","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1029\/RG002i002p00275","volume":"2","author":"J. A. Fejer","year":"1964","unstructured":"Fejer, J. A. (1964),Atmospheric Tides and Associated Magnetic Effects, Rev. Geophys.2, 275\u2013309.","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4471","DOI":"10.1029\/JA091iA04p04471","volume":"91","author":"G. G. Fesen","year":"1986","unstructured":"Fesen, G. G., Dickinson, R. E., andRoble, R. G. (1986),Simulation of the Thermospheric Tides at Equinox with the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermospheric General Circulation Model, J. Geophys. Res.91, 4471\u20134489.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1029\/RG019i003p00469","volume":"19","author":"J. M. Forbes","year":"1981","unstructured":"Forbes, J. M. (1981),The Equatorial Electrojet, Rev. Geophys.19, 469\u2013504.","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9169(76)90081-7","volume":"38","author":"J. M. Forbes","year":"1976","unstructured":"Forbes, J. M., andLindzen, R. S. (1976),Atmospheric Solar Tides and their Electrodynamic Effects, II. The Equatoiral Electrojet, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys.38, 991\u2013920.","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1029\/JA090iA02p01325","volume":"90","author":"E. Friis-Christensen","year":"1985","unstructured":"Friis-Christensen, E., Kamide, Y., Richmond, A. D., andMatsushita, S. (1985),Interplanetary Magnetic Field Control of High-latitude Electric Fields and Currents Determined from Greenland Magnetometer Data, J. Geophys. Res.90, 1325\u20131338.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1029\/JA080i010p01248","volume":"80","author":"E. Friis-Christensen","year":"1975","unstructured":"Friis-Christensen, E., andWilhjelm, J. (1975),Polar Cap Currents for Different Directions of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field in the Y-Z Plane, J. Geophys. Res.80, 1248\u20131260.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR43","first-page":"184","volume-title":"Scientific Memoirs Selected from the Transactions of Foreign Academies and Learned Societies and from Foreign Journals","author":"C. F. Gauss","year":"1841","unstructured":"Gauss, C. F., Allgemeine Theorie des Erdmagnetismus, Resultate aus den Beobachtungen des Magnetischen Vereins im Jahre 1838, In eds. C. F. Gauss and W. Weber. English translation by E. Sabine and R. Taylor inScientific Memoirs Selected from the Transactions of Foreign Academies and Learned Societies and from Foreign Journals (J. and R. E. Taylor Pub. London 1841) pp. 184\u2013251."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR44","first-page":"96","volume":"383","author":"G. Graham","year":"1724","unstructured":"Graham, G. (1724),An Account of Observations Made of the Variation of the Horizontal Needle at London in the Letter Part of the Year 1722 and Beginning 1723, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London383, 96\u2013107.","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9169(69)90041-5","volume":"31","author":"J. C. Gupta","year":"1969","unstructured":"Gupta, J. C., andChapman, S. (1969),Lunar Daily Harmonic Geomagnetic Variation as indicated by Spectral Analysis, J. Atmos. Terr. Physics.31, 233\u2013252.","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Terr. Physics."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1972.tb06176.x","volume":"30","author":"J. C. Gupta","year":"1972","unstructured":"Gupta, J. C., andMalin, S. R. C. (1972),Seasonal Variations in the Solar and Lunar Daily Geomagnetic Variations. Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc.30, 11\u201318.","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab1912.12.88","volume":"12","author":"M. Hasagawa","year":"1936","unstructured":"Hasagawa, M. (1936a),On the Type of Diurnal Variations of Terrestrial Magnetism on Quiet Days, Proc. Imp. Acad. Tokyo12, 88\u201390.","journal-title":"Proc. Imp. Acad. Tokyo"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab1912.12.225","volume":"12","author":"M. Hasagawa","year":"1936","unstructured":"Hasagawa, M. (1936b),Representation of the Field of Diurnal Variations of Terrestrial Magnetism by the Method of Graphic Integration, Proc. Imp. Acad. Tokyo12, 225\u2013228.","journal-title":"Proc. Imp. Acad. Tokyo"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab1912.12.277","volume":"12","author":"M. Hasagawa","year":"1936","unstructured":"Hasagawa, M. (1936c),On the Progressive Change of the Field of Diurnal Variations of Terrestrial Magnetism, Proc. Imp. Acad. Tokyo12, 277\u2013280.","journal-title":"Proc. Imp. Acad. Tokyo"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab1912.13.65","volume":"13","author":"M. Hasagawa","year":"1937","unstructured":"Hasagawa, M., andOta, M. (1937),An Analysis of the Field of Diurnal Variations of Terrestrial Magnetism of Differnet Types. Proc. Imp. Acad. of Japan13, 65\u201373.","journal-title":"Proc. Imp. Acad. of Japan"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR51","series-title":"I.U.G.G.-A.T.M.E. Bull.","first-page":"311","volume-title":"Provisional Report of the Statistical Study on the Diurnal Variations of Terrestrial Magnetism in the North Polar Region","author":"M. Hasagawa","year":"1940","unstructured":"Hasagawa, M.,Provisional Report of the Statistical Study on the Diurnal Variations of Terrestrial Magnetism in the North Polar Region, I.U.G.G.-A.T.M.E. Bull. No. 11 (ed. Goldie, A.H.R.) Edinburgh, 1940) pp. 311\u2013318."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4467","DOI":"10.1029\/JA092iA05p04467","volume":"92","author":"J. P. Heppner","year":"1987","unstructured":"Heppner, J. P., andMaynard, N. C. (1987),Empirical High-latitude Electric Field Models, J. Geophys. Res.92, 4467\u20134489.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5636\/jgg.4.7","volume":"4","author":"M. Hirono","year":"1952","unstructured":"Hirono, M. (1952; 1953),A Theory of Diurnal Magnetic Variations in Equatorial Regions and of the Ionosphere E Region, J. Geomag. Geoelectr.4, 7\u201321;5, 22\u201338.","journal-title":"J. Geomag. Geoelectr."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR54","first-page":"199","volume":"27","author":"T. Iijima","year":"1973","unstructured":"Iijima, T. (1973),Enhancement of the Sq\np Field as the Basic Component of Polar Magnetic Disturbance, Rep. Ionos. Res. Space Res. Japan27, 199\u2013203.","journal-title":"Rep. Ionos. Res. Space Res. Japan"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1029\/JA081i013p02165","volume":"81","author":"T. Iijima","year":"1976","unstructured":"Iijima, T., andPotemra, T. A. (1976a),The Amplitude Distribution of Field-aligned Currents at Northern High Latitudes Observed by Triad, J. Geophys. Res.81, 2165\u20132174.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5971","DOI":"10.1029\/JA081i034p05971","volume":"81","author":"T. Iijima","year":"1976","unstructured":"Iijima, T., andPotemra, T. A. (1976b),Field-aligned Currents in the Dayside Cusp Observed by Triad, J. Geophys. Res.81, 5971\u20135979.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1029\/JA086iA02p00801","volume":"86","author":"Y. Kamide","year":"1981","unstructured":"Kamide, Y., Richmond, A. D., andMatsushita, S. (1981),Estimation of Ionospheric Electric Fields, Ionospheric Currents, and Field-aligned Currents from Ground Magnetic Records. J. Geophys. Res.86, 801\u2013813.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.5636\/jgg.8.24","volume":"8","author":"S. Kato","year":"1956","unstructured":"Kato, S. (1956),Horizontal Wind Systems in the Ionospheric E Region Deduced from the Dynamo Theory of Geomagnetic Sq Variation, Part II. Rotating Earth, J. Geomag. Geolectr.8, 24\u201337.","journal-title":"J. Geomag. Geolectr."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5363","DOI":"10.1029\/JZ072i021p05363","volume":"72","author":"K. Kawasaki","year":"1967","unstructured":"Kawasaki, K., andAkasofu, S. I. (1967),Polar Solar Daily Geomagnetic Variations on Exceptionally Quiet Days, J. Geophys. Res.72, 5363\u20135371.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11291","DOI":"10.1029\/JA091iA10p11291","volume":"91","author":"T. L. Killeen","year":"1986","unstructured":"Killeen, T. L., andRoble, R. G. (1986),An Analysis of High Latitude Thermospheric Wind Pattern Calculated by a Thermospheric General Circulation Model, 2. Neutral Particle Transport, J. Geophys. Res.91, 11291\u201311307.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR61","series-title":"Geophys. Monogr. Ser.","volume-title":"Quantitative Modeling of Magnetospheric Processes","author":"J. L. Kisabeth","year":"1979","unstructured":"Kisabeth, J. L.,On calculating magnetic and vector potential fields due to large-scale magnetospheric current systems and induced currents in an infinitely conducting earth, InQuantitative Modeling of Magnetospheric Processes, Geophys. Monogr. Ser.21 (ed. Olsen, W. P.) (Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington, D. C. 1979) 473 pp."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR62","first-page":"535","volume":"27","author":"B. M. Kuznetsov","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kuznetsov, B. M., andPtitsyna, N. G. (1987),Variation of the Quiet Level of the Geomagnetic Field at Middle Latitudes in the Solar Activity Cycle and as a Function of the Intensity of Ionospheric and Magnetospheric Current Systems, Geomag. Aeron. (English Ed.)27, 535\u2013539.","journal-title":"Geomag. Aeron."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.1982.0013","volume":"304","author":"A. E. Levitin","year":"1982","unstructured":"Levitin, A. E., Afonina, R. G., Belov, B. A., andFeldstein, Y. I. (1982),Geomagnetic Variation and Field-aligned Currents at Northern High Latitudes, and their relations to the Solar Wind Parameters, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. LondonA 304, 253\u2013301.","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London A"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR64","first-page":"123","volume":"8","author":"I. Lucas","year":"1954","unstructured":"Lucas, I. (1954),The Dynamo Theory of Geomagnetic Tides, Archiv. Elek. \u00dcbertr.8, 123.","journal-title":"Archiv. Elek. \u00dcbertr."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.5636\/jgg.31.341","volume":"31","author":"J. W. MacDougall","year":"1979","unstructured":"MacDougall, J. W. (1979),Equatorial Electrojet and Sq Current Systems, I and II, J. Geomag. Geoelectr.31, 341\u2013372.","journal-title":"J. Geomag. Geoelectr."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.5636\/jgg.7.121","volume":"7","author":"H. Maeda","year":"1955","unstructured":"Maeda, H. (1955),Horizontal Wind Systems in the Ionosphere E Region Deduced from the Dynamo Theory of Geomagnetic Sq Variation, Part I, J. Geomag. Geolectr.7, 121\u2013132.","journal-title":"J. Geomag. Geolectr."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1029\/GL009i004p00337","volume":"9","author":"H. Maeda","year":"1982","unstructured":"Maeda, H., Iyemori, T., Araki, T., andKamei, T. (1982),New Evidence of a Meridional Current System in the Equatorial Ionosphere, Geophys. Rev. Lett.9, 337\u2013340.","journal-title":"Geophys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.5636\/jgg.4.63","volume":"4","author":"K. Maeda","year":"1952","unstructured":"Maeda, K. (1952),Dynamo-theoretical Conductivity and Current in the Ionosphere, J. Geomag. Geolectr.4, 63\u201382.","journal-title":"J. Geomag. Geolectr."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.5636\/jgg.38.759","volume":"38","author":"K. Maeda","year":"1986","unstructured":"Maeda, K. (1986),A New Transport Process in the Equatorial E Region and its Effect on the Electron Density Profile, J. Geomag. Geolectr.38, 759\u2013769.","journal-title":"J. Geomag. Geolectr."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00179215","volume":"5","author":"K. Maeda","year":"1966","unstructured":"Maeda, K., andKato, S. (1966),Electrodynamics of the Ionosphere, Space Sci. Rev.5, 57\u201379.","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.1973.0076","volume":"274","author":"S. R. C. Malin","year":"1973","unstructured":"Malin, S. R. C. (1973),Worldwide Distribution of Geomagnetic Tides, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. LondonA 274, 551\u2013594.","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London A"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1970.tb06738.x","volume":"19","author":"S. R. C. Malin","year":"1970","unstructured":"Malin, S. R. C., andChapman, S. (1970),The Determination of Lunar Daily Geophysical Variations by the Chapman-Miller Method. Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc.19, 15\u201335.","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1977.tb03720.x","volume":"49","author":"S. R. C. Malin","year":"1977","unstructured":"Malin, S. R. C., andGupta, J. C. (1977),The Sq Current System During the International Geophysical Year, Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc.49, 515\u2013529.","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.5636\/jgg.31.311","volume":"31","author":"R. T. Marriott","year":"1979","unstructured":"Marriott, R. T., Richmond, A. D., andVankateswaran, S. V. (1979),The Quiet-time Equatorial Electrojet and Counter Electrojet, J. Geomag. Geolectr.31, 311\u2013340.","journal-title":"J. Geomag. Geolectr."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR75","first-page":"115","volume":"33","author":"S. Matsushita","year":"1977","unstructured":"Matsushita, S. (1977),Upper-atmospheric Tidal-interaction Effects on Geomagnetic and Ionospheric Variations\u2014A Review, Ann. Geophys.33, 115\u2013125.","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9169(72)90130-4","volume":"34","author":"S. Matsushita","year":"1972","unstructured":"Matsushita, S., andCampbell, W. H. (1972),Lunar Semidiurnal Variations of the Geomagnetic Field Determined from the 2.5-min Data Scalings, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys.34, 1187\u20131200.","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1029\/JZ070i011p02535","volume":"70","author":"S. Matsushita","year":"1965","unstructured":"Matsushita, S., andMaeda, H. (1965a),On the Geomagnetic Quiet Solar Daily Variation Field During the IGY, J. Geophys. Res.70, 2535\u20132558.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1029\/JZ070i011p02559","volume":"70","author":"S. Matsushita","year":"1965","unstructured":"Matsushita, S., andMaeda, H. (1965b),On the Geomagnetic Lunar Daily Variation Field, J. Geophys. Res.70, 2559\u20132578.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1029\/RS008i011p00963","volume":"8","author":"S. Matsushita","year":"1973","unstructured":"Matsushita, S., Tarpley, J. D., andCampbell, W. H. (1973),IMF Sector Structure Effects upon the Quiet Geomagnetic Field, Radio Sci.8, 963\u2013972.","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8241","DOI":"10.1029\/JA087iA10p08241","volume":"87","author":"S. Matsushita","year":"1982","unstructured":"Matsushita, S., andXu, W. Y. (1982),Equivalent Ionospheric Current Systems Representing Solar Daily Variations of the Polar Geomagnetic Field, J. Geophys. Res.87, 8241\u20138254.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7143","DOI":"10.1029\/JA088iA09p07143","volume":"88","author":"S. Matsushita","year":"1983","unstructured":"Matsushita, S., andXu, W. Y. (1983),Equivalent Ionospheric Current Systems Representing Lunar Daily Variations of the Polar Geomagnetic Field, J. Geophys. Res.88, 7143\u20137154.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1029\/JA089iA01p00285","volume":"89","author":"S. Matsushita","year":"1984","unstructured":"Matsushita, S., andXu, W. Y. (1984),Seasonal Variations of L Equivalent Current Systems, J. Geophys. Res.89, 285\u2013294.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9169(77)90014-9","volume":"39","author":"P. N. Mayaud","year":"1977","unstructured":"Mayaud, P. N. (1977),The Equatorial Counter Electrojet\u2014A Review of its Geomagnetic Aspects, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys.39, 1055\u20131070.","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR84","first-page":"5","volume":"8","author":"V. M. Mishin","year":"1966","unstructured":"Mishin, V. M., Bazarzhapov, A. D., Nemtsova, E. I., andPlatanov, M. L. (1966),The Method of Analytical Representation of \u201cInstantaneous\u201d Fields of Magnetic Variations (in Russian), Geomagn. Issled.8, 5\u201322.","journal-title":"Geomagn. Issled."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR85","first-page":"256","volume":"16","author":"T. Nagata","year":"1962","unstructured":"Nagata, T., andKokubun, S. (1962),An Additional Geomagnetic Daily Variation Field (S\npq Field) in the Polar Region on Geomagnetically Quiet Days, Rep. Ionosph. Space. Res. Japan16, 256\u2013274.","journal-title":"Rep. Ionosph. Space. Res. Japan"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR86","first-page":"199","volume":"80","author":"W. D. Parkinson","year":"1971","unstructured":"Parkinson, W. D. (1971),An Analysis of the Geomagnetic Diurnal Variation During the International Geophysical Year, Gerlands Beitr. Geophys.80, 199\u2013232.","journal-title":"Gerlands Beitr. Geophys."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR87","unstructured":"Pedersen, P. O.,Propagation of Radio Waves, etc., Danmarks Naturvidenskabelige Samfund., Nr. 15 a\/b (Copenhagen, 1927) 244 pp."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR88","first-page":"650","volume":"158","author":"C. L. Pekeris","year":"1937","unstructured":"Pekeris, C. L. (1937),Atmospheric Oscillations, Proc. Roy. Soc.A 158, 650\u2013671.","journal-title":"Proc. Roy. Soc. A"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00215632","volume":"9","author":"A. T. Price","year":"1969","unstructured":"Price, A. T. (1969),Daily Variations of the Geomagnetic Field, Space Sci. Rev.9, 151\u2013197.","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.1963.0016","volume":"256","author":"A. T. Price","year":"1963","unstructured":"Price, A. T., andWilkins, G. A. (1963),New Methods for the Analysis of Geomagnetic Fields and their Applications to the Sq Fields of 1923\/33, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. LondonA 256, 31\u201398.","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London A"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00182599","volume":"16","author":"M. I. Pudovkin","year":"1974","unstructured":"Pudovkin, M. I. (1974),Electric Fields and Currents in the Ionosphere, Space Sci. Rev.16, 727\u2013770.","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR92","first-page":"48","volume-title":"World Ionosphere\/Thermosphere Study, WITS Handbook, Vol. 1","author":"R. Raghvarao","year":"1988","unstructured":"Raghvarao, R., Sridharan, R., Sastri, J. H., Agashe, V. V., Rao, B. C. N., Rao, P. B., andSomayajulu, V. V.,The equatorial ionosphere, InWorld Ionosphere\/Thermosphere Study, WITS Handbook, Vol. 1 (eds. Liu, C. H., and Edward, B.) (SCOSTEP Secretariat, Univ. Ullinois, Urbana, Ill. 1988) pp. 48\u201393."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1029\/JA093iA03p01909","volume":"93","author":"C. E. Rasmussen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rasmussen, C. E., andSchunk, R. W. (1988),Ionospheric Convection Inferred from Interplanetary Magnetic Field-dependent Birkeland Currents, J. Geophys. Res.93, 1909\u20131921.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9169(74)90074-9","volume":"36","author":"R. G. Rastogi","year":"1974","unstructured":"Rastogi, R. G. (1974),Lunar Effects in the Counterelectrojet near the Magnetic Equator, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys.36, 167\u2013170.","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.5636\/jgg.28.461","volume":"28","author":"R. G. Rastogi","year":"1976","unstructured":"Rastogi, R. G., andIyer, K. N. (1976),Quiet Day Variation of Geomagnetic H-field at Low Latitudes, J. Geomag. Geolectr.28, 461\u2013479.","journal-title":"J. Geomag. Geolectr."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR96","first-page":"377","volume-title":"Physics of the Upper Atmosphere","author":"J. A. Ratcliffe","year":"1960","unstructured":"Ratcliffe, J. A., andWeekes, K.,The ionosphere, Chap. 9 inPhysics of the Upper Atmosphere (ed. Ratcliffe, J. A.) (Academic Press, New York 1960) pp. 377\u2013470."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5751","DOI":"10.1029\/JA086iA07p05751","volume":"86","author":"C. A. Reddy","year":"1981","unstructured":"Reddy, C. A., andDevasia, C. V. (1981),Height and Latitude Structure of Electric Fields and Currents due to Local East-West Winds in the Equatorial Electrojet, J. Geophys. Res.86, 5751\u20135767.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR98","first-page":"134","volume":"48","author":"D. Rees","year":"1987","unstructured":"Rees, D., andFuller-Rowell, T. J. (1987),Hemispheric Asymmetries in Thermospheric Structure and Dynamics, Mem. Natl. Inst. Polar Res.48, Spec Issue, 134\u2013160.","journal-title":"Mem. Natl. Inst. Polar Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9017","DOI":"10.1029\/JA091iA08p09017","volume":"91","author":"P. G. Richards","year":"1986","unstructured":"Richards, P. G., andTorr, D. G. (1986),Thermal Coupling of Conjugate Ionospheres and Tilt of the Earth's Magnetic Field, J. Geophys. Res.91, 9017\u20139021.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR100","first-page":"287","volume":"31","author":"A. D. Richmond","year":"1979","unstructured":"Richmond, A. D. (1979),Ionospheric Wind Dynamo Theory: A Review, J. Geophys. Res.31, 287\u2013310.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richmond, A. D., Matsushita, S., andTarpley, J. D. (1976),On the Production Mechanism of Electric Currents and Fields in the Ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res. 547\u2013555.","DOI":"10.1029\/JA081i004p00547"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5741","DOI":"10.1029\/JA093iA06p05741","volume":"93","author":"A. D. Richmond","year":"1988","unstructured":"Richmond, A. D., andKamide, Y. (1988),Mapping Electrodynamic Features of the High Latitude Ionosphere from Localized Observations: Technique, J. Geophys. Res.93, 5741\u20135759.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR103","volume-title":"Introduction to Ionospheric Physics","author":"H. Rishbeth","year":"1969","unstructured":"Rishbeth, H., andGarriott, O. K.,Introduction to Ionospheric Physics (Academic Press, New York 1969) 331 pp."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1029\/RS010i003p00389","volume":"10","author":"R. G. Roble","year":"1975","unstructured":"Roble, R. G., andMatsushita, S. (1975),An Estimate of the Global-Scale Joule Heating Rates in the Thermosphere due to Time Mean Currents, Radio Science10, 389\u2013399.","journal-title":"Radio Science"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR105","first-page":"54","volume":"Pt. 1","author":"E. Sabine","year":"1847","unstructured":"Sabine, E. (1847),The Very Variable Direction of Magnetic Declination in One Half of the Year at Longwood House, St. Helena, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, Pt. 1, 54.","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1853.0019","volume":"143","author":"E. Sabine","year":"1853","unstructured":"Sabine, E. (1853),On the Influence of the Moon on the Magnetic Declination at Toronto, St. Helena and Hobarton, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. LondonA 143, 549\u2013560.","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London A"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1857.0001","volume":"147","author":"E. Sabine","year":"1857","unstructured":"Sabine, E. (1857a),On the Evidence of the Existence of the Decennial Inequality in the Solar-diurnal Magnetic Variations, and its Non-existence in the Lunar-Dirunal Variation, of the Declination at Hobarton, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London147, 1\u20138.","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR108","first-page":"1","volume":"35","author":"E. Sabine","year":"1857","unstructured":"Sabine, E. (1857b),On What the External Magnetic Observatories Have Accomplished, Proc. Roy. Soc. London35, 1\u201319.","journal-title":"Proc. Roy. Soc. London"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9169(73)90004-4","volume":"35","author":"J. P. Schieldreg","year":"1973","unstructured":"Schieldreg, J. P., Vankateswaran, S. V., andRichmond, A. D. (1973),The Ionospheric Dynamo and Equatorial Magnetic Variations, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys.35, 1045\u20131061.","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9169(73)90056-1","volume":"35","author":"D. M. Schlapp","year":"1973","unstructured":"Schlapp, D. M., andWeekes, K. (1973),The Determination of the Lunar Tides, I. Methods of Analysis, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys.35, 1811\u20131831.","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.1889.0015","volume":"180","author":"A. Schuster","year":"1889","unstructured":"Schuster, A. (1889),The Diurnal Variation of Terrestrial Magnetism, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. LondonA 180, 467\u2013518.","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London A"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.1908.0017","volume":"208","author":"A. Schuster","year":"1908","unstructured":"Schuster, A. (1908),The Diurnal Variation of Terrestrial Magnetism, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. LondonA 208, 163\u2013204.","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London A"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR113","unstructured":"Stewart, B.,Hypothetical Views Regarding the Connection between the State of the Sun and Terrestrial Magnetism, InEncyclopedia Britannica, 9th ed., Vol.16, 181\u2013184, 1882."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR114","first-page":"259","volume":"25","author":"A. Suzuki","year":"1973","unstructured":"Suzuki, A. (1973),A New Analysis of the Geomagnetic Sq Field, J. Geophys. Res.25, 259\u2013280.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1029\/JA078i013p02064","volume":"78","author":"L. Svalgaard","year":"1973","unstructured":"Svalgaard, L. (1973),Polar Cap Magnetic Variations and their Relationship with the Interplanetary Magnetic Sector Structure, J. Geophys. Res.78, 2064\u20132078.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1985.tb05116.x","volume":"80","author":"M. Takeda","year":"1985","unstructured":"Takeda, M. (1985),UT Variation of Internal Sq Currents and the Oceanic Effect During 1980 March 1\u201318, Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc.80, 649\u2013659.","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9169(85)90043-1","volume":"47","author":"M. Takeda","year":"1985","unstructured":"Takeda, M., andAraki, T. (1985),Electric Conductivity of the Ionosphere and Nocturnal Currents. J. Atmos. Terres. Phys.47, 601\u2013609.","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Terres. Phys."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-0633(70)90109-1","volume":"18","author":"J. D. Tarpley","year":"1970","unstructured":"Tarpley, J. D. (1970),The Ionospheric Wind Dynamo-I, Lunar Tide, Planet. Space Sci.18, 1075\u20131090.","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR119","first-page":"218","volume":"29","author":"W. van Bemmelen","year":"1912","unstructured":"van Bemmelen, W. (1912),Die lunare Variation des Erdmagnetismus, Meteorol. Z.29, 218\u2013225.","journal-title":"Meteorol. Z."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR120","first-page":"589","volume":"30","author":"W. van Bemmelen","year":"1913","unstructured":"van Bemmelen, W. (1913),Berichtigung zu meiner Abhandlung \u00fcber die lunare Variation des Erdmagnetismus, Meteorol. Z.30, 589\u2013594.","journal-title":"Meteorol. Z."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9169(70)90064-4","volume":"32","author":"D. van Saben","year":"1970","unstructured":"van Saben, D. (1970),Solstitial Sq Currents Through the Magnetosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys.32, 1331\u20131336.","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR122","volume-title":"Cosmos, Vol. V","author":"A. von Humboldt","year":"1863","unstructured":"von Humboldt, A., Cosmos, Vol. V (English translation by E. C. Ott\u00e9 and W. S. Dallas) (Harper and Bros, Pub., New York 1863)."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR123","first-page":"299","volume":"141","author":"A. von Humboldt","year":"1938","unstructured":"von Humboldt, A. (1938),Reprint of 1838 letter to the (U.K.) Royal Geographical Society, Nature141 299.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00217388","volume":"26","author":"C. V. Wagner","year":"1980","unstructured":"Wagner, C. V., M\u00f6hlmann, D., Sch\u00e4fer, K., Mishin, V. M., andMatveev, M. I. (1980),Large-scale Electric Fields and Currents and Related Geomagnetic Variations in the Quiet Plasmasphere, Space Sci. Rev.26, 391\u2013446.","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR125","volume-title":"Terrestrial and Cosmical Magnetism","author":"E. Walker","year":"1866","unstructured":"Walker, E.,Terrestrial and Cosmical Magnetism (Deighton, Bell, and Co., Cambridge 1866) 336 pp."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.1981.0193","volume":"303","author":"D. E. Winch","year":"1981","unstructured":"Winch, D. E. (1981),Spherical Harmonic Analysis of Geomagnetic Tides, 1964\u20131965, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London303, 1\u2013104.","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London"},{"key":"BF00876831_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5963","DOI":"10.1029\/JA087iA08p05963","volume":"87","author":"L. J. Zanetti","year":"1982","unstructured":"Zanetti, L. J., Potemra, T. A., Doering, J. P., Lee, J. S. Fennell, J. F. andHoffman R. A. (1982)Interplanetary Magnetic Field Control of High-latitude Activity on July 29, 1977, J. Geophys. Res.87, 5963\u20135975.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BF00876831_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4875","DOI":"10.1029\/JA088iA06p04875","volume":"88","author":"L. J. Zanetti","year":"1983","unstructured":"Zanetti, L. J., Baumjohan, W., andPotemra, T. A. (1983),Ionospheric and Birkland Current Distributions Inferred from the MAGSAT Magnetometer Data, J. Geophys. Res.88, 4875\u20134884.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."}],"container-title":["pure and applied geophysics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00876831.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00876831\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00876831","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00876831.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T07:49:20Z","timestamp":1721980160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF00876831"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,9]]},"references-count":128,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,9]]}},"alternative-id":["BF00876831"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00876831","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-4553","1420-9136"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-4553","type":"print"},{"value":"1420-9136","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,9]]}}}