{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:20:54Z","timestamp":1790778054926,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1991,4,1]],"date-time":"1991-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":670464000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Abnorm Child Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf00909976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T17:48:06Z","timestamp":1104601686000},"page":"149-178","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":326,"title":["The ecological validity of laboratory and analogue assessment methods of ADHD symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Russell A.","family":"Barkley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"CR1","volume-title":"Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and Revised Child Behavior Profile","author":"T. M. Achenbach","year":"1983","unstructured":"Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. (1983).Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and Revised Child Behavior Profile. Burlington, VT: Thomas Achenbach."},{"key":"CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.101.2.213","volume":"101","author":"T. M. Achenbach","year":"1987","unstructured":"Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987). Child\/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity.Psychological Bulletin, 101, 213?232.","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00915437","volume":"14","author":"M. G. Aman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Aman, M. G., & Turbott, S. H. (1986). Incidental learning, distraction, and sustained attention in hyperactive and control subjects.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14, 441?455.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR4","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1980","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (1980).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.","edition":"3rd ed."},{"key":"CR5","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1987","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (1987).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed. revised). Washington, DC: Author.","edition":"3rd ed. revised"},{"key":"CR6","volume-title":"Psychological testing","author":"A. Anastasi","year":"1976","unstructured":"Anastasi, A. (1976).Psychological testing (4th ed.). New York: Macmillan.","edition":"4th ed."},{"key":"CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00918379","volume":"13","author":"M. S. Atkins","year":"1985","unstructured":"Atkins, M. S., Pelham, W. E., & Licht, M. H. (1985). A comparison of objective classroom measures and teacher ratings of attention deficit disorder.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 13, 155?167.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1977.tb00425.x","volume":"18","author":"R. A. Barkley","year":"1977","unstructured":"Barkley, R. A. (1977a). A review of stimulant drug research with hyperactive children.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 18, 137?165.","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00915084","volume":"5","author":"R. A. Barkley","year":"1977","unstructured":"Barkley, R. A. (1977b). The effects of methylphenidate on various measures of activity level and attention in hyperkinetic children.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 5, 351?369.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR10","volume-title":"Hyperactive children: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment","author":"R. A. Barkley","year":"1981","unstructured":"Barkley, R. A. (1981).Hyperactive children: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guilford."},{"key":"CR11","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Behavioral assessment of childhood disorders","author":"R. A. Barkley","year":"1988","unstructured":"Barkley, R. A. (1988a). Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. In E. Mash & L. Terdal (Eds.),Behavioral assessment of childhood disorders (2nd ed., pp. 69?104). New York: Guilford Press.","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9301-7_6","volume-title":"Issues in child clinical neuropsychology","author":"R. A. Barkley","year":"1988","unstructured":"Barkley, R. A. (1988b). Attention. In M. Tramontana & S. Hooper (Eds.),Issues in child clinical neuropsychology (pp. 145?176). New York: Plenum Press."},{"key":"CR13","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Assessment and diagnosis in child psychopathology","author":"R. A. Barkley","year":"1988","unstructured":"Barkley, R. A. (1988c). Child behavior rating scales and checklists. In M. Rutter, H. Tuma, & I. Lann (Eds.),Assessment and diagnosis in child psychopathology (pp. 113?155). New York: Guilford Press."},{"key":"CR14","volume-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment","author":"R. A. Barkley","year":"1990","unstructured":"Barkley, R. A. (1990a).Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guilford Press."},{"key":"CR15","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Attention deficit disorders","author":"R. A. Barkley","year":"1990","unstructured":"Barkley, R. A. (1990b). The problem of stimulus control and rule-governed behavior in children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. In J. Swanson & L. Bloomingdale (Eds.),Attention deficit disorders (pp. 203?228). New York: Pergamon Press."},{"key":"CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1979.tb02632.x","volume":"49","author":"R. A. Barkley","year":"1979","unstructured":"Barkley, R. A., & Cunningham, C. E. (1979). Stimulant drugs and activity level in hyperactive children.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 49, 491?499.","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.58.6.775","volume":"58","author":"R. A. Barkley","year":"1990","unstructured":"Barkley, R. A., DuPaul, G. J., & McMurray, M. B. (1990). A comprehensive evaluation of attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity as defined by research criteria.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 775?789.","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barkley, R A, DuPaul, G. J., & McMurray, M. B. (1991). Attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: Clinical response to three dose levels of methylphenidate.Pediatrics, 87.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.87.4.519"},{"key":"CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp1701_3","volume":"17","author":"R. A. Barkley","year":"1988","unstructured":"Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Newby, R., & Breen, M. (1988). Development of a multi-method clinical protocol for assessing stimulant drug responses in ADHD children.Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 17, 14?24.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198911000-00011","volume":"28","author":"R. A. Barkley","year":"1989","unstructured":"Barkley, R. A., McMurray, M. B., Edelbrock, C. S., & Robbins, K. (1989). The response of aggressive and non-aggressive ADHD children to two doses of methylphenidate.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 873?881.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00916753","volume":"3","author":"R. A. Barkley","year":"1975","unstructured":"Barkley, R. A., & Ullman, D. G. (1975). A comparison of objective measures of activity and distractibility in hyperactive and nonhyperactive children.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 3, 231?244.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00783.x","volume":"30","author":"M. J. Breen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Breen, M. J. (1989). ADHD girls and boys: An analysis of attentional, emotional, cognitive, and family variables.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 711?716.","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948201501012","volume":"15","author":"R. T. Brown","year":"1982","unstructured":"Brown, R. T. (1982). A developmental analysis of visual and auditory sustained attention and reflectionimpulsivity in hyperactive and normal children.Journal of Learning Disabilities, 15, 353?357.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00915093","volume":"5","author":"R. T. Brown","year":"1977","unstructured":"Brown, R. T., & Quay, L. C. (1977). Reflection-impulsivity of normal and behavior-disordered children.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 5, 457?462.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1080\/15374418209533098","volume":"11","author":"R. T. Brown","year":"1982","unstructured":"Brown, R. T., & Wynne, M. E. (1982a). Correlates of teacher ratings, sustained attention, and impulsivity in hyperactive and normal boys.Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 11, 262?267.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948201501012","volume":"15","author":"R. T. Brown","year":"1982","unstructured":"Brown, R. T., & Wynne, M. E. (1982b). An analysis of attentional components in hyperactive and normal boys.Journal of Learning Disabilities, 15, 358?363.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.2307\/1129273","volume":"51","author":"D. M. Buss","year":"1980","unstructured":"Buss, D. M., Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1980). Preschool activity level: Personality correlates and developmental implications.Child Development, 51, 401?408.","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"CR28","first-page":"244","volume":"11","author":"E. Cairns","year":"1978","unstructured":"Cairns, E., & Cammock, T. (1978). Development of a more reliable version of the Matching Familiar Figures Test.Developmental Psychology, 11, 244?248.","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046016","volume":"56","author":"D. T. Campbell","year":"1959","unstructured":"Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81?105.","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00919259","volume":"2","author":"S. B. Campbell","year":"1974","unstructured":"Campbell, S. B. (1974). Cognitive styles and behavior problems of clinic boys: A comparison of epileptic, hyperactive, learning-disabled, and normal groups.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2, 307?312.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1971.tb01050.x","volume":"12","author":"S. B. Campbell","year":"1971","unstructured":"Campbell, S. B., Douglas, V. I., & Morgenstern, G. (1971). Cognitive styles in hyperactive children and the effect of methylphenidate.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 12, 55?67.","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00920755","volume":"10","author":"S. B. Campbell","year":"1982","unstructured":"Campbell, S. B., Szumowski, E. K., Ewing, L. J., Gluck, D. S., & Breaux, A. M. (1982). A multidimensional assessment of parent-identified behavior problem toddlers.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 10, 569?592.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.64.4.412","volume":"64","author":"L. Charles","year":"1979","unstructured":"Charles, L., Schain, R. J., Zelniker, T., & Guthrie, D. (1979). Effects of methylphenidate on hyperactive children's ability to sustain attention.Pediatrics, 64, 412?418.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00924736","volume":"6","author":"A. P. Copeland","year":"1978","unstructured":"Copeland, A. P., & Weissbrod, C. S. (1978). Behavioral correlates of the hyperactivity factor of the Conners Teacher Questionnaire.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 339?343.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00915438","volume":"14","author":"P. A. Haas de","year":"1986","unstructured":"de Haas, P. A. (1986). Attention styles and peer relationships of hyperactive and normal boys and girls.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14, 457?467.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00916848","volume":"12","author":"P. A. Haas de","year":"1984","unstructured":"de Haas, P. A., & Young, R. D. (1984). Attention styles of hyperactive and normal girls.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 12, 531?546.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1037\/h0082313","volume":"4","author":"V. I. Douglas","year":"1972","unstructured":"Douglas, V. I. (1972). Stop, look, and listen: The problem of sustained attention and impulse control in hyperactive and normal children.Canadian Journal of Behaviouml Science, 4, 259?282.","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Behaviouml Science"},{"key":"CR38","first-page":"280","volume-title":"Developmental neuropsychiatry","author":"V. I. Douglas","year":"1983","unstructured":"Douglas, V. I. (1983). Attention and cognitive problems. In M. Rutter (Ed.),Developmental neuropsychiatry (pp. 280?329). New York: Guilford Press."},{"key":"CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1988.tb00737.x","volume":"29","author":"V. I. Douglas","year":"1988","unstructured":"Douglas, V. I., Barr, R. G., Amin, K, O'Neill, M. E., & Britton, B. G. (1988). Dosage effects and individual responsivity to methylphenidate in attention deficit disorder.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 29, 453?476.","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-2985-5_8","volume-title":"Attention cognitive development","author":"V. I. Douglas","year":"1979","unstructured":"Douglas, V. I., & Peters, K. G. (1979). Toward a clearer definition of the attentional deficit of hyperactive children. In G. A. Hale & M. Lewis (Eds.).Attention cognitive development (pp. 173?248). New York: Plenum Press."},{"key":"CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00915435","volume":"14","author":"S. Draeger","year":"1986","unstructured":"Draeger, S., Prior, M., & Sanson, A. (1986). Visual and auditory attention performance in hyperactive children: Competence or compliance?Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14, 411?424.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR42","unstructured":"DuPaul, G. J. (1990).Parent and teacher ratings of ADHD symptoms: Psychometric properties in a community-based sample. Manuscript submitted for publication."},{"key":"CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00916536","volume":"7","author":"P. Firestone","year":"1979","unstructured":"Firestone, P., & Martin, J. E. (1979). An analysis of the hyperactive syndrome: A comparison of hyperactive, behavior problem, asthmatic, and normal children.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 7, 261?273.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.58.5.580","volume":"58","author":"M. Fischer","year":"1990","unstructured":"Fischer, M., Barkley, R. A., Edelbrock, C. S., & Smallish, L. (1990). The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria, II: Academic, attentional, and neuropsychological status.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 580?588.","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01173382","volume":"10","author":"M. J. Fuhrman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Fuhrman, M. J., & Kendall, P. C. (1986). Cognitive tempo and behavioral adjustment in children.Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10, 45?50.","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.2307\/1128370","volume":"48","author":"M. Golden","year":"1977","unstructured":"Golden, M., Montare, A., & Bridger, W. (1977). Verbal control of delay behavior in two year old boys as a function of social class.Child Development, 48, 1107?1111.","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"CR47","volume-title":"Managing attention disorders in children: A guide for practitioners","author":"S. Goldstein","year":"1990","unstructured":"Goldstein, S., & Goldstein, M. (1990).Managing attention disorders in children: A guide for practitioners. New York: Wiley."},{"key":"CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00916541","volume":"7","author":"M. Gordon","year":"1979","unstructured":"Gordon, M. (1979). The assessment of impulsivity and mediating behaviors in hyperactive and non-hyperactive children.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 7, 317?326.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR49","volume-title":"The Gordon Diagnostic System","author":"M. Gordon","year":"1983","unstructured":"Gordon, M. (1983).The Gordon Diagnostic System. DeWitt, NY: Gordon Systems."},{"key":"CR50","unstructured":"Gordon, M. (1985, August).Current GDS research: The vicissitudes of validation. Paper presented at the 93rd Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles."},{"key":"CR51","unstructured":"Gordon, M., & McClure, F. D. (1983, August).The objective assessment of attention deficit disorders. Paper presented at the 91st Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Anaheim, CA."},{"key":"CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198809)44:5<682::AID-JCLP2270440504>3.0.CO;2-E","volume":"44","author":"M. Gordon","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gordon, M., & Mettelman, B. B. (1988). The assessment of attention: I. Standardization and reliability of a behavior based measure.Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 682?690.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00919127","volume":"6","author":"C. H. Goyette","year":"1978","unstructured":"Goyette, C. H., Conners, C. K., & Ulrich, R. F. (1978). Normative data for Revised Conners Parent and Teacher Rating Scales.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 221?236.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198705000-00014","volume":"26","author":"M. Haenlein","year":"1987","unstructured":"Haenlein, M., & Caul, W. F. (1987). Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: A specific hypothesis of reward dysfunction.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 356?362.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198805000-00010","volume":"27","author":"J. M. Halperin","year":"1988","unstructured":"Halperin, J. M., Wolf, L. E., Pascaulvaca, D. M., Newcorn, J. H., Healey, J. M., O'Brien, J. D., Morganstein, A., & Young, G. (1988). Differential assessment of attention and impulsivity in children.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 326?329.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316672","volume-title":"Multiple comparisons procedures","author":"Y. Hochberg","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hochberg, Y., & Tamhane, A. C. (1987).Multiple comparisons procedures. New York: Wiley."},{"key":"CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.49.4.533","volume":"49","author":"S. Homatidis","year":"1981","unstructured":"Homatidis, S., & Konstantareas, M. M. (1981). Assessment of hyperactivity: Isolating measures of high discriminant ability.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 533?541.","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00910773","volume":"17","author":"W. F. Horn","year":"1989","unstructured":"Horn, W. F., Wagner, A. E., & Ialongo, N. (1989). Sex differences in school-aged children with pervasive attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 17, 109?125.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1963.tb10721.x","volume":"5","author":"C Hutt","year":"1963","unstructured":"Hutt, C, Hutt, S. J., & Ounsted, C. (1963). A method for the study of children's behaviour.Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 5, 233.","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology"},{"key":"CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1037\/h0022886","volume":"71","author":"J. Kagan","year":"1966","unstructured":"Kagan, J. (1966). Reflection-impulsivity: The generality and dynamics of conceptual tempo.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 71, 17?24.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00917084","volume":"11","author":"A. E. Kazdin","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kazdin, A. E., Esveldt-Dawson, K., & Loar, L. L. (1983). Correspondence of teacher ratings and direct observations of classroom behavior of psychiatric inpatient children.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 11, 549?564.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/6.4.451","volume":"6","author":"P. C. Kendall","year":"1981","unstructured":"Kendall, P. C., & Brophy, C. (1981). Activity and attentional correlates of teacher ratings of hyperactivity.Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 6, 451?458.","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"key":"CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00922532","volume":"4","author":"B. K. Keogh","year":"1976","unstructured":"Keogh, B. K., & Margolis, J. S. (1976). A component analysis of attentional problems of educationally handicapped boys.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 4, 349?359.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00917077","volume":"11","author":"S. H. Klee","year":"1983","unstructured":"Klee, S. H., & Garfinkel, B. D. (1983). The computerized continuous performance task: A new measure of inattention.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 11, 487?496.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(09)60560-4","volume":"242","author":"U. Koriath","year":"1985","unstructured":"Koriath, U., Gualtieri, T., Van Bourgondien, M. E., Quade, D., & Werry, J. S. (1985). Construct validity of clinical diagnosis in pediatric psychiatry: Relationship among measures.Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 242, 429?436.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry"},{"key":"CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4405(87)90025-2","volume":"25","author":"C. Kuehne","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kuehne, C., Kehle, T. J., & McMahon, W. (1987). Differences between children with attention deficit disorder, children with specific learning disabilities, and normal children.Journal of School Psychology, 25, 161?166.","journal-title":"Journal of School Psychology"},{"key":"CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(09)61096-7","volume":"24","author":"S. Luk","year":"1985","unstructured":"Luk, S. (1985). Direct observations studies of hyperactive behaviors.Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24, 338?344.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry"},{"key":"CR68","volume-title":"Academic correlates of sustained attention","author":"J. S. Margolis","year":"1972","unstructured":"Margolis, J. S. (1972).Academic correlates of sustained attention. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles."},{"key":"CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00916850","volume":"12","author":"F. D. McClure","year":"1984","unstructured":"McClure, F. D., & Gordon, M. (1984). Performance of disturbed hyperactive and nonhyperactive children on an objective measure of hyperactivity.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 12, 561?572.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00910667","volume":"12","author":"R. Milich","year":"1984","unstructured":"Milich, R. (1984). Cross-sectional and longitudinal observations of activity level and sustained attention in a normative sample.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 12, 261?276.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR71","first-page":"117","volume-title":"Advances in learning and behavioral disabilities","author":"R. Milich","year":"1984","unstructured":"Milich, R., & Kramer, J. (1984). Reflections on impulsivity: An empirical investigation of impulsivity as a construct. In K. Gadow & I. Bialer (Eds.),Advances in learning and behavioral disabilities (Vol. 3, pp. 117?150). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press."},{"key":"CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.91.3.183","volume":"91","author":"R. Milich","year":"1982","unstructured":"Milich, R., Loney, J., & Landau, S. (1982). The independent dimensions of hyperactivity and aggression: A validation with playroom observation data.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91, 183?198.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.54.2.272","volume":"54","author":"R. Milich","year":"1986","unstructured":"Milich, R., Loney, J., & Roberts, M. A. (1986). Playroom observations of activity level and sustained attention: Two-year stability.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 272?274.","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.93.2.178","volume":"93","author":"M. O'Dougherty","year":"1984","unstructured":"O'Dougherty, M., Nuechterlein, K H., & Drew, B. (1984). Hyperactive and hypoxic children: signal detection, sustained attention, and behavior.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 178?191.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"CR75","unstructured":"Pascaulvaca, D. M., Wolf, L. E, Healey, J. M., Tweedy, J. R., & Halperin, J. M. (1988, January).Sex differences in attention and behavior in school-age children. Paper presented at the 16th Annual Meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society, New Orleans."},{"key":"CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1985.01790330028003","volume":"42","author":"W. E. Pelham","year":"1985","unstructured":"Pelham, W. E., Bender, M. E., Caddell, J., Booth, S., & Moorer, S. H. (1985). Methylphenidate and children with attention deficit disorder.Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 948?952.","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1970.tb01091.x","volume":"40","author":"L. Pope","year":"1970","unstructured":"Pope, L. (1970). Motor activity in brain-injured children.American Jojrnal of Orthopsychiatry, 40, 783?794.","journal-title":"American Jojrnal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1080\/15374418409533198","volume":"13","author":"R. J. Prinz","year":"1984","unstructured":"Prinz, R. J., Tarnowski, K. J., & Nay, S. M. (1984). Assessment of sustained attention and distraction in children using a classroom analogue task.Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 13, 250?256.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR79","first-page":"176","volume-title":"Attention deficit disorder, Vol. 3: New research in attention,treatment, and psychopharmacology","author":"H. C. Quay","year":"1988","unstructured":"Quay, H. C. (1988). The behavioral reward and inhibition system in childhood behavior disorder. In L. Bloomingdale (Ed.),Attention deficit disorder, Vol. 3: New research in attention, treatment, and psychopharmacology (pp. 176?186). New York: Pergamon Press."},{"key":"CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.76.6.938","volume":"76","author":"M. D. Rapport","year":"1985","unstructured":"Rapport, M. D., DuPaul, G. J., Stoner, G., Birmingham, B. K., & Masse, G. (1985). Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: Differential effects of methylphenidate on impulsivity.Pediatrics, 76, 938?943.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.54.3.334","volume":"54","author":"M. D. Rapport","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rapport, M. D., DuPaul, G. J., Stoner, G., & Jones, J. T. (1986). Comparing classroom and clinic measures of attention deficit disorder: Differential, idiosyncratic, and dose-response effects of methylphenidate.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 334?341.","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp1604_6","volume":"16","author":"M. D. Rapport","year":"1987","unstructured":"Rapport, M. D., Jones, J. T., DuPaul, G. J., Kelly, K. L., Gardner, M. J., Tucker, S. B., & Shea, M. S. (1987). Attention deficit disorder and methylphenidate: Group and singlesubject analyses of dose effects on attention in clinic and classroom settings.Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 16, 329?338.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00915440","volume":"14","author":"M. D. Rapport","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rapport, M. D., Tucker, S. B., DuPaul, G. J., Merlo, M., & Stoner, G. (1986). Hyperactivity and frustration: The influence of control over and size of rewards in delaying gratification.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14, 191?204.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR84","unstructured":"Ribbler, A. (1988, January).The relationship between attention deficits and childhood behavior problems. Paper presented at the 16th Annual Meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society, New Orleans."},{"key":"CR85","first-page":"65","volume-title":"The young hyperactive child: Answers to questions about diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment","author":"M. A. Roberts","year":"1987","unstructured":"Roberts, M. A. (1987). How is playroom behavior observation used in the diagnosis of attention deficit disorder? In J. Loney (Ed.),The young hyperactive child: Answers to questions about diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment (pp. 65?74). Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press."},{"key":"CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00910726","volume":"18","author":"M. A. Roberts","year":"1990","unstructured":"Roberts, M. A. (1990). A behavioral observation method for differentiating hyperactive and aggressive boys.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 131?142.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR87","volume-title":"Hyperactivity: Current issues, research, and theory","author":"D. M. Ross","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ross, D. M., & Ross, S. A. (1982).Hyperactivity: Current issues, research, and theory (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00916522","volume":"4","author":"D. K. Routh","year":"1976","unstructured":"Routh, D. K., & Schroeder, C. S. (1976). Standardized playroom measures as indices of hyperactivity.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 4, 199?207.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1037\/h0035993","volume":"10","author":"D. K. Routh","year":"1974","unstructured":"Routh, D. K., Schroeder, C. S., & O'Tuama, L. (1974). Development of activity level in children.Developmental Psychology, 10, 163?168.","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1978.tb15219.x","volume":"20","author":"S. T. Sandberg","year":"1978","unstructured":"Sandberg, S. T., Rutter, M., & Taylor, E. (1978). Hyperkinetic disorder in psychiatric clinic attenders.Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 20, 279?299.","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology"},{"key":"CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00915450","volume":"14","author":"R. Schachar","year":"1986","unstructured":"Schachar, R., Sandberg, S., & Rutter, M. (1986). Agreement between teachers' ratings and observations of hyperactivity, inattentiveness, and defiance.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14, 331?345.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR92","first-page":"455","volume":"64","author":"J. L. Schulman","year":"1959","unstructured":"Schulman, J. L., & Reisman, J. M. (1959). An objective measure of hyperactivity.American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 64, 455?456.","journal-title":"American Journal of Mental Deficiency"},{"key":"CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00910732","volume":"18","author":"W. T. Seidel","year":"1990","unstructured":"Seidel, W. T., & Joschko, M. (1990). Evidence of difficulties in sustained attention in children with ADDH.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 217?229.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700040265","volume":"4","author":"D. Shaffer","year":"1974","unstructured":"Shaffer, D., McNamara, N., & Pincus, J. H. (1974). Controlled observations on patterns of activity, attention, and impulsivity in brain-damaged and psychiatrically disturbed boys.Psychological Medicine, 4, 4?18.","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"CR95","volume-title":"Attention deficit disorder","author":"E. K. Sleator","year":"1986","unstructured":"Sleator, E. K., & Pelham, W. E. (1986).Attention deficit disorder. Norwalk, CT: AppletonCentury-Crofts."},{"key":"CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1126\/science.337493","volume":"198","author":"R. L. Sprague","year":"1977","unstructured":"Sprague, R. L., & Sleator, E. K. (1977). Methylphenidate in hyperkinetic children: Difference in dose effects on learning and social behavior.Science, 198, 1274?1276.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00919122","volume":"6","author":"T. M. Stevens","year":"1978","unstructured":"Stevens, T. M., Kupst, M. J., Suran, B. G., & Schulman, J. L. (1978). Activity level: A comparison between actometer scores and observer ratings.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 163?173.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-2985-5_9","volume-title":"Attention and cognitive development","author":"J. Swanson","year":"1979","unstructured":"Swanson, J., & Kinsbourne, M. (1979). The cognitive effects of stimulant drugs on hyperactive children. In G. Hale & M. Lewis (Eds.),Attention and cognitive development (pp. 249?274). New York: Plenum Press."},{"key":"CR99","first-page":"79","volume":"5","author":"B. C. L. Touwen","year":"1973","unstructured":"Touwen, B. C. L., & Kalverboer, A. F. (1973). Neurologic and behavioral assessment of children with minimal brain dysfunction.Seminars in Psychiatry, 5, 79?94.","journal-title":"Seminars in Psychiatry"},{"key":"CR100","first-page":"129","volume":"6","author":"W. W. Tryon","year":"1984","unstructured":"Tryon, W. W. (1984). Principles and methods of mechanically measuring motor activity.Behavioral Assessment, 6, 129?140.","journal-title":"Behavioral Assessment"},{"key":"CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1978.tb01332.x","volume":"48","author":"D. G. Ullman","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ullman, D. G., Barkley, R. A., & Brown, H. W. (1978). The behavioral symptoms of hyperkinetic children who successfully responded to stimulant drug treatment.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 48, 425?437.","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00913474","volume":"16","author":"J. Meere van der","year":"1988","unstructured":"van der Meere, J., & Sergeant, J. (1988a). Focused attention in pervasively hyperactive children.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16, 627?640.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00913475","volume":"16","author":"J. Meere van der","year":"1988","unstructured":"van der Meere, J., & Sergeant, J. (1988b). Controlled processing and vigilance in hyperactivity: Time will tell.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16, 641?656.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-199004000-00004","volume":"11","author":"R. Weissberg","year":"1990","unstructured":"Weissberg, R., Ruff, H. A., & Lawson, K. R. (1990). The usefulness of reaction time tasks in studying attention and organization of behavior in young children.Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 11, 59?64.","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics"},{"key":"CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00916458","volume":"15","author":"J. S. Werry","year":"1987","unstructured":"Werry, J. S., Elkind, G. S., & Reeves, J. C. (1987). Attention deficit, conduct, oppositional, and anxiety disorders in children: III. Laboratory differences.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 15, 409?428.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00909976.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00909976\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00909976","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T21:56:57Z","timestamp":1705528617000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF00909976"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991,4]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,4]]}},"alternative-id":["BF00909976"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00909976","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-0627","1573-2835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-0627","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1991,4]]}}}