{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:27:10Z","timestamp":1791188830740,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1985,9,1]],"date-time":"1985-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":494380800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Abnorm Child Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf00912721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,29]],"date-time":"2004-12-29T13:56:09Z","timestamp":1104328569000},"page":"343-356","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Metacognition reconsidered: Implications for intervention research"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"R. A.","family":"Reeve","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. L.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"CR1","first-page":"353","volume-title":"Handbook of reading research","author":"L. Baker","year":"1984","unstructured":"Baker, L., & Brown, A. L. (1984). Metacognitive skills in reading. In D. P. Pearson (Ed.),Handbook of reading research (pp. 353?394). New York: Longman."},{"key":"CR2","first-page":"437","volume-title":"Perspectives on the development of memory and cognition","author":"J. M. Belmont","year":"1977","unstructured":"Belmont, J. M., & Butterfield, E. C. (1977). The instructional approach to developmental cognitive research. In R. V. Kail, Jr., & J. W. Hagen (Eds.),Perspectives on the development of memory and cognition (pp. 437?481). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum."},{"key":"CR3","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Advances in instructional psychology","author":"C. Bereiter","year":"1982","unstructured":"Bereiter, C., & Scardamalia, M. (1982). From conversation to composition: The role of instruction in a developmental process. In R. Glaser (Ed.),Advances in instructional psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 1?64). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum."},{"key":"CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X013006004","volume":"13","author":"B. W. Bloom","year":"1984","unstructured":"Bloom, B. W. (1984). The 2 sigma problem: The search for methods of group instruction as effective as one-to-one tutoring.Educational Researcher, 13, 4?16.","journal-title":"Educational Researcher"},{"key":"CR5","first-page":"569","volume-title":"Handbook of mental deficiency: Psychological theory and research","author":"J. G. Borkowski","year":"1979","unstructured":"Borkowski, J. G., & Cavanaugh, J. C. (1979). Maintenance and generalization of skills and strategies by the retarded. In N. R. Ellis (Ed.),Handbook of mental deficiency: Psychological theory and research (pp. 569?617). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum."},{"key":"CR6","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Advances in child development and behavior","author":"A. L. Brown","year":"1975","unstructured":"Brown, A. L. (1975). The development of memory: Knowing about knowing, and knowing how to know. In H. W. Reese (Ed.),Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 10, pp. 103?152). New York: Academic Press."},{"key":"CR7","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Advances in instructional psychology","author":"A. L. Brown","year":"1978","unstructured":"Brown, A. L. (1978). Knowing when, where, and how to remember: A problem of metacognition. In R. Glaser (Ed.),Advances in instructional psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 77?165). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum."},{"key":"CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1159\/000272791","volume":"25","author":"A. L. Brown","year":"1982","unstructured":"Brown, A. L. (1982). Learning and development: The problem of compatibility, access and induction.Human Development, 25, 89?115.","journal-title":"Human Development"},{"key":"CR9","unstructured":"Brown, A. L., Armbruster, B. B., & Baker, L. (in press). The role of metacognition in reading and studying. In J. Orasanu (Ed.),Reading comprehension: From research to practice. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum."},{"key":"CR10","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 1. Cognitive development","author":"A. L. Brown","year":"1983","unstructured":"Brown, A. L., Bransford, J. D., Ferrara, R. A., & Campione, J. C. (1983). Learning, remembering, and understanding. In J. H. Flavell & E. M. Markman (Eds.);Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 1. Cognitive development (pp. 77?166). New York: Wiley."},{"key":"CR11","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Advances in developmental psychology","author":"A. L. Brown","year":"1984","unstructured":"Brown, A. L., & Campione, J. C. (1984). Three faces of transfer: Implications for early competence, individual differences, and instruction. In M. Lamb, A. L. Brown, & B. Rogoff (Eds.),Advances in developmental psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 143?192). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum."},{"key":"CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.2307\/1129429","volume":"50","author":"A. L. Brown","year":"1979","unstructured":"Brown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979). Training self-checking routines for estimating test readiness: Generalization from list-learning to prose recall.Child Development, 50, 501?512.","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X010002014","volume":"10","author":"A. L. Brown","year":"1981","unstructured":"Brown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Day, J. D. (1981). Learning to learn: On training students to learn from texts.Educational Researcher, 10, 14?21.","journal-title":"Educational Researcher"},{"key":"CR14","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Children's thinking: What develops","author":"A. L. Brown","year":"1978","unstructured":"Brown, A. L., & DeLoache, J. S. (1978). Skills, plans and self-regulation. In R. S. Siegler (Ed.),Children's thinking: What develops (pp. 3?35). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum."},{"key":"CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-2896(79)90021-7","volume":"3","author":"A. L. Brown","year":"1979","unstructured":"Brown, A. L., & French, L. A. (1979). The zone of potential development: Implications for intelligence testing in the year 2000.Intelligence, 3, 255?277.","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"CR16","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"A. L. Brown","year":"1982","unstructured":"Brown, A. L., & Palinscar, A. S. (1982). Inducing strategic learning from texts by means of informed, self-control training.Topics in Learning and Learning Disabilities, 2, 1?17.","journal-title":"Topics in Learning and Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"CR17","unstructured":"Brown, A. L., & Palinscar, A. S. (in press). Reciprocal teaching of comprehension strategies: A natural history of one program for enhancing learning. In J. Borkowski & J. D. Day (Eds.),Intelligence and cognition in special children: Comparative studies of giftedness, mental retardation, and learning disabilities. New York: Ablex.or]Brown, A. L., & Reeve, R. A. (in press). Bandwidths of competence: The role of supportive contexts in learning and development. In L. S. Liben & D. H. Feldman (Eds.),Development and learning: Conflict and congruence? Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum."},{"key":"CR18","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Cognition in human motivation and learning","author":"J. S. Bruner","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bruner, J. S. (1981). The organization of action and the nature of adult-infant transaction. In G. d'Ydenwalle & W. Lens (Eds.),Cognition in human motivation and learning (pp. 1?14). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum."},{"key":"CR19","first-page":"93","volume-title":"Children's learning in the ?zone of proximal development?","author":"J. S. Bruner","year":"1984","unstructured":"Bruner, J. S. (1984). Vygotsky's zone of proximal development: The hidden agenda. In B. Rogoff, & J. V. Wertsch (Eds.),Children's learning in the ?zone of proximal development? (pp. 93?98). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"CR20","first-page":"317","volume-title":"Thinking and learning skills: Relating instruction to basic research","author":"J. C. Campione","year":"1985","unstructured":"Campione, J. C., & Armbruster, B. B. (1985). Acquiring information from texts: An analysis of four approaches. In S. Chipman, J. Segal, & R. Glaser (Eds.),Thinking and learning skills: Relating instruction to basic research (Vol. 1, pp. 317?359). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum."},{"key":"CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-2896(78)90020-X","volume":"2","author":"J. C. Campione","year":"1978","unstructured":"Campione, J. C., & Brown, A. L. (1978). Toward a theory of intelligence: Contributions from research with retarded children.Intelligence, 2, 279?304.","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"CR22","first-page":"265","volume-title":"Learning and cognition in the mentally retarded","author":"J. C. Campione","year":"1984","unstructured":"Campione, J. C., & Brown, A. L. (1984). Learning ability and transfer propensity as sources of individual differences in intelligence. In P. H. Brooks, R. Sperber, & C. McCauley (Eds.),Learning and cognition in the mentally retarded (pp. 265?294). Baltimore: University Park Press."},{"key":"CR23","first-page":"392","volume-title":"Handbook of human intelligence","author":"J. C. Campione","year":"1982","unstructured":"Campione, J. C., Brown, A. L., & Ferrara, R. A. (1982). Mental retardation and intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.),Handbook of human intelligence (pp. 392?492). New York: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2307\/1129635","volume":"53","author":"J. C. Cavanaugh","year":"1982","unstructured":"Cavanaugh, J. C., & Perlmutter, M. (1982). Metamemory: A critical evaluation.Child Development, 53, 11?28.","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-1083-9_20","volume-title":"Intelligence and learning","author":"M. T. H. Chi","year":"1981","unstructured":"Chi, M. T. H. (1981). Knowledge development in memory performance. In M. P. Friedman, J. P. Das, & N. O'Connor (Eds.),Intelligence and learning (pp. 221?229). New York: Plenum."},{"key":"CR26","first-page":"125","volume-title":"Comparative cognitive research: Learning from a disabled child","author":"M. Cole","year":"1981","unstructured":"Cole, M., & Traupman, K. (1981). Comparative cognitive research: Learning from a disabled child. In A. Collins (Ed.),Minnesota symposium on child development (Vol. 13, pp. 125?154). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum."},{"key":"CR27","unstructured":"Day, J. D. (1980).Training summarization skills: A comparison of teaching methods. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois."},{"key":"CR28","first-page":"239","volume-title":"Learning and motivation in the classroom","author":"C. S. Dweck","year":"1983","unstructured":"Dweck, C. S., & Bempechat, J. (1983). Children's theories of intelligence: Consequences for learning. In S. G. Paris, G. M. Olson, & H. W. Stevenson (Eds.),Learning and motivation in the classroom (pp. 239?256). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum."},{"key":"CR29","first-page":"643","volume-title":"Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality and social development","author":"C. S. Dweck","year":"1983","unstructured":"Dweck, C. S., & Elliott, E. S. (1983). Achievement motivation. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed.),Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality and social development (pp. 643?692). New York: Wiley."},{"key":"CR30","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Advances in child development and behavior","author":"J. H. Flavell","year":"1970","unstructured":"Flavell, J. H. (1970). Developmental studies of mediated memory. In H. W. Reese & L. P. Lipsitt (Ed.),Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 5, pp. 181?211). New York: Academic Press."},{"key":"CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1159\/000271221","volume":"14","author":"J. H. Flavell","year":"1971","unstructured":"Flavell, J. H. (1971). First discussant's comments: What is memory development the development of?Human Development, 14, 272?278.","journal-title":"Human Development"},{"key":"CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.34.10.906","volume":"34","author":"J. H. Flavell","year":"1979","unstructured":"Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry.American Psychologist, 34, 906?911.","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"CR33","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Children's oral communication skills","author":"J. H. Flavell","year":"1981","unstructured":"Flavell, J. H. (1981). Cognitive monitoring. In W. P. Dickson (Ed.),Children's oral communication skills (pp. 35?60). New York: Academic Press."},{"key":"CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/1129634","volume":"53","author":"J. H. Flavell","year":"1982","unstructured":"Flavell, J. H. (1982). On cognitive development.Child Development, 53, 1?10.","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-5252-8","volume-title":"Cognition, metacognition and reading","author":"D. Forrest-Pressley","year":"1984","unstructured":"Forrest-Pressley, D., & Waller, T. G. (1984).Cognition, metacognition and reading. New York: Springer-Verlag."},{"key":"CR36","first-page":"117","volume-title":"Everyday cognition: Its development in social context","author":"P. M. Greenfield","year":"1984","unstructured":"Greenfield, P. M. (1984). A theory of the teacher in the learning activities of everyday life. In B. Rogoff & J. Lave (Eds.),Everyday cognition: Its development in social context (pp. 117?138). Cambridge: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"CR37","first-page":"215","volume-title":"Aspects of the development of competence: The Minnesota symposium of child development","author":"S. Harter","year":"1981","unstructured":"Harter, S. (1981). A model of mastery motivation in children: Individual differences and developmental changes. In A. Collins (Ed.),Aspects of the development of competence: The Minnesota symposium of child development (Vol. 14, pp. 215?255). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum."},{"key":"CR38","first-page":"15","volume":"4","author":"G. Hatano","year":"1982","unstructured":"Hatano, G. (1982). Cognitive consequences of practice on cultural specific skills.Quarterly Newsletter of the Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition, 4, 15?18.","journal-title":"Quarterly Newsletter of the Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition"},{"key":"CR39","volume-title":"Principles of psychology (Vol. 1)","author":"W. James","year":"1890","unstructured":"James, W. (1890).Principles of psychology (Vol. 1). New York: Holt."},{"key":"CR40","first-page":"295","volume-title":"Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 1. History, theory, and methods","author":"Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition","year":"1983","unstructured":"Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition. (1983). Culture and cognitive development. In W. Kessen (Ed.),Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 1. History, theory, and methods (pp. 295?356). New York: Wiley."},{"key":"CR41","volume-title":"Cognitive development: Its cultural and social foundations","author":"A. R. Luria","year":"1976","unstructured":"Luria, A. R. (1976).Cognitive development: Its cultural and social foundations. Cambridge: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"CR42","volume-title":"Thinking and learning skills: Current research and open questions","author":"D. Meichenbaum","year":"1984","unstructured":"Meichenbaum, D. (1984). Teaching thinking: A cognitive-behavioral perspective. In S. Chipman & J. Segal (Eds.),Thinking and learning skills: Current research and open questions. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum."},{"key":"CR43","unstructured":"Palinscar, A. S., & Brown, A. L. (1981).The comparative effects of corrective feedback training on the comprehensive skills of junior high students. Unpublished manuscript, University of Illinois."},{"key":"CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532690xci0102_1","volume":"1","author":"A. S. Palinscar","year":"1984","unstructured":"Palinscar, A. S., & Brown, A. L. (1984). Reciprocal teaching of comprehension-fostering and comprehension monitoring activities.Cognition and Instruction, 1, 117?175.","journal-title":"Cognition and Instruction"},{"key":"CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/10862968109547390","volume":"13","author":"S. G. Paris","year":"1981","unstructured":"Paris, S. G., & Myers, M. (1981). Comprehension monitoring memory and study strategies of good and poor readers.Journal of Reading Behavior, 13, 5?22.","journal-title":"Journal of Reading Behavior"},{"key":"CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(82)90073-X","volume":"34","author":"S. G. Paris","year":"1982","unstructured":"Paris, S. G., Newman, R. S., & McVey, K. A. (1982). From tricks to strategies: Learning the functional significance of mnemonic actions.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 34, 450?509.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR47","volume-title":"The language and thought of the child","author":"J. Piaget","year":"1926","unstructured":"Piaget, J. (1926).The language and thought of the child. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul."},{"key":"CR48","volume-title":"Everyday cognition: Its development in social context","author":"B. Rogoff","year":"1984","unstructured":"Rogoff, B., & Lave, J. (1984).Everyday cognition: Its development in social context. Cambridge: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"CR49","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Children's learning in the ?zone of proximal development?","author":"B. Rogoff","year":"1984","unstructured":"Rogoff, B., Malkin, C., & Gilbride, K. (1984). Interaction with babies as guidance in development. In B. Rogoff & J. V. Wertsch (Eds.),Children's learning in the ?zone of proximal development? (pp. 31?44). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"CR50","volume-title":"Children's learning in the ?zone of proximal development.?","author":"B. Rogoff","year":"1984","unstructured":"Rogoff, B., & Wertsch, J. V. (1984).Children's learning in the ?zone of proximal development.? San Francisco: Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.16.2.105","volume":"16","author":"D. N. Ruble","year":"1980","unstructured":"Ruble, D. N., Boggiano, A. K., Feldman, N. S., & Loebl, J. H. (1980). Developmental analysis of the role of social comparison in self-evaluation.Developmental Psychology, 16, 105?115.","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/00461528209529253","volume":"17","author":"M. Scardamalia","year":"1982","unstructured":"Scardamalia, M., & Bereiter, C. (1982). Assimilative processes in composition planning.Educational Psychologist, 17, 165?171.","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"key":"CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0802_4","volume":"8","author":"M. Scardamalia","year":"1984","unstructured":"Scardamalia, M., Bereiter, C., & Steinbach, R. (1984). Teachability of reflective processes in written composition.Cognitive Science, 8, 173?190.","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"CR54","first-page":"129","volume-title":"Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 1. History, theory, and methods","author":"R. S. Siegler","year":"1983","unstructured":"Siegler, R. S. (1983). Information processing approaches to development. In W. Kessen (Ed.),Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 1. History, theory, and methods (pp. 129?212). New York: Wiley."},{"key":"CR55","volume-title":"Mind and society: The development of higher psychological processes","author":"L. S. Vygotsky","year":"1978","unstructured":"Vygotsky, L. S. (1978).Mind and society: The development of higher psychological processes. M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner, & E. Souberman (Eds. & trans.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000272425","volume":"22","author":"J. V. Wertsch","year":"1979","unstructured":"Wertsch, J. V. (1979). From social interaction to higher psychological process: A clarification and application of Vygotsky's theory.Human Development, 22, 1?22.","journal-title":"Human Development"},{"key":"CR57","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Children's learning in the ?zone of proximal development?","author":"J. V. Wertsch","year":"1984","unstructured":"Wertsch, J. V. (1984). The zone of proximal development: Some conceptual issues. In B. Rogoff & J. V. Wertsch (Eds.),Children's learning in the ?zone of proximal development? (pp. 7?18). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass."}],"container-title":["Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00912721.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00912721\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00912721","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]],"date-time":"2019-04-29T11:16:13Z","timestamp":1556536573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF00912721"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1985,9]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,9]]}},"alternative-id":["BF00912721"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00912721","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-0627","1573-2835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-0627","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1985,9]]}}}