{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T18:23:23Z","timestamp":1774981403288,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1993,10,1]],"date-time":"1993-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":749433600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf00936522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,3]],"date-time":"2005-01-03T09:41:37Z","timestamp":1104745297000},"page":"580-585","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Heritability of myopic refractive errors in identical and fraternal twins"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"231","author":[{"given":"Mario R.","family":"Angi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Clementi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Sardei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ettore","family":"Piattelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cesare","family":"Bisantis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199206000-00010","volume":"69","author":"DW Adams","year":"1992","unstructured":"Adams DW, McBrien NA (1992) Prevalence of myopia and myopic progression in a population of clinical microscopists. Optom Vis Sci 69:467?473","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"CR2","first-page":"283","volume":"70","author":"MR Angi","year":"1991","unstructured":"Angi MR (1991) Pre-retinal focusing of images conditions eye growth. Boll Ocul 70:283?297","journal-title":"Boll Ocul"},{"key":"CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(05)80198-6","volume":"49","author":"MR Angi","year":"1992","unstructured":"Angi MR, Pucci V, Forattini F, Formentin PA (1992) Results of photorefractometric screening for amblyogenic defects in children aged 20 months. Behav Brain Res 49:91?97","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00920935","volume":"231","author":"MR Angi","year":"1993","unstructured":"Angi MR, Rupolo GP, De Bertolini C, Bisantis C (1993) Personality, psychophysical stress and myopia progression: a prospective study on 57 university students. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 231:136?140","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1159\/000153551","volume":"35","author":"GC Ashton","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ashton GC (1985) Segregation analysis of ocular refraction and myopia. Hum Hered 35:232?239","journal-title":"Hum Hered"},{"key":"CR6","first-page":"513","volume":"24","author":"SM Ebenholtz","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ebenholtz SM (1983) Accommodative hysteresis: a precursor for induced myopia? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 24:513?515","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1050313","volume":"193","author":"J Edmund","year":"1988","unstructured":"Edmund J, Goldschmidt E (1988) Myopiekonkordanz und Grubenpapillendiskordanz bei einem eineiigen Zwillingspaar. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 193:645?646","journal-title":"Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd"},{"key":"CR8","volume-title":"L'h\u00e9r\u00e9dit\u00e9 em Ophthalmologic","author":"J Francois","year":"1958","unstructured":"Francois J (1958) L'h\u00e9r\u00e9dit\u00e9 em Ophthalmologic. Masson, Paris"},{"key":"CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(82)34788-0","volume":"89","author":"AB Fulton","year":"1982","unstructured":"Fulton AB, Hansen RM, Petersen RA (1982) The relation of myopia and astigmatism in developing eyes. Ophthalmology 89:298?302","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(88)33035-6","volume":"95","author":"SS Gee","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gee SS, Tabbara KF (1988) Increase in ocular axial length in patients with corneal opacification. Ophthalmology 95:1276?1278","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(92)31898-6","volume":"99","author":"P Gloor","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gloor P, Keech RV, Krachmer JH (1992) Factors associated with high postoperative myopia after penetrating keratoplasties in infants. Ophthalmology 99:775?779","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1985.01050060045020","volume":"103","author":"RA Gordon","year":"1985","unstructured":"Gordon RA, Donzis PB (1985) Refractive development of the human eye. Arch Ophthalmol 103:785?789","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(42)91868-3","volume":"25","author":"WP Hofmann","year":"1942","unstructured":"Hofmann WP, Carey ET (1942) Congenital myopic astigmatism in identical twins. Am J Ophthalmol 25:1495?1496","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"CR14","first-page":"708","volume":"33","author":"EL Irving","year":"1992","unstructured":"Irving EL, Callender MG, Sivak JG, Husanini A (1992) Refractive plasticity of the developing chick eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 33 [Suppl]:708","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.1974.tb00643.x","volume":"6","author":"JL Karlsson","year":"1974","unstructured":"Karlsson JL (1974) Concordance rates for myopia in twins. Clin Genet 6:142?146","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"key":"CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(75)90212-3","volume":"80","author":"CW Lepard","year":"1975","unstructured":"Lepard CW (1975) Comparative changes in the error of refraction between fixing and amblyopic eyes during growth and development. Am J Ophthalmol 80:485?490","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"CR17","first-page":"826","volume":"14","author":"AJ Mash","year":"1975","unstructured":"Mash AJ, Hegmann JP, Spivey BE (1975) Genetic analysis of indices of corneal power and corneal astigmatism in human populations with varying incidences of strabismus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 14:826?832","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)75987-2","volume":"109","author":"M Miller-Meeks","year":"1990","unstructured":"Miller-Meeks M, Bennett SR, Keech RV, Blodi CF (1990) Myopia induced by vitreous hemorrhage. Am J Ophthalmol 109:199?203","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00159077","volume":"56","author":"G Nastri","year":"1984","unstructured":"Nastri G, Caccia Perugini G, Savastano S, Polzella A, Sbordone G (1984) The evolution of refraction in the fixing and the amblyopic eye. Doc Ophthalmol 56:265?274","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"CR20","first-page":"265","volume":"16","author":"PC Nichols","year":"1966","unstructured":"Nichols PC, Bilbro WC (1966) The diagnosis of twin zygosity. Acta Genet Statist Med 16:265?275","journal-title":"Acta Genet Statist Med"},{"key":"CR21","first-page":"304","volume":"124","author":"H Orth","year":"1954","unstructured":"Orth H (1954) Extreme Diskordanz der Refraktionswerte eineiiger Zwillinge. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 124:304?306","journal-title":"Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd"},{"key":"CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.73.7.547","volume":"73","author":"O P\u00e4rssinen","year":"1989","unstructured":"P\u00e4rssinen O, Hemminki E, Klemetti A (1989) Effect of spectacle use and accomodation on myopia progression: final result of a three-year randomised clinical trial among school children. Br J Ophthahmol 73:547?551","journal-title":"Br J Ophthahmol"},{"key":"CR23","first-page":"135","volume":"23","author":"RB Post","year":"1982","unstructured":"Post RB, Chalupa LM, Lee TJ (1982) Monocular deprivation in humans: a study of identical twins. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 23:135?138","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"CR24","first-page":"561","volume":"20","author":"J Rabin","year":"1981","unstructured":"Rabin J, Van Sluyters RC, Malach R (1981) Emmetropization: a vision-dependent phenomenon. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 20:561?564","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1988.01060140222028","volume":"106","author":"R Rasooly","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rasooly R, BenEzra D (1988) Congenital and traumatic cataract. The effect on ocular axial length. Arch Ophthalmol 106:1066?1068","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1159\/000152964","volume":"28","author":"S Sarna","year":"1978","unstructured":"Sarna S, Kaprio J, Sistonen P, Koskenvuo M (1978) Diagnosis of twin zygosity by mailed questionnaire. Hum Hered 28:241?254","journal-title":"Hum Hered"},{"key":"CR27","first-page":"175","volume-title":"Principles and practice of medial genetics","author":"JA Sofaer","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sofaer JA (1990) Twins. In: Emery AH and Rimon DL (eds) Principles and practice of medial genetics. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1990, pp 175?182"},{"key":"CR28","first-page":"97","volume":"20","author":"Steiger","year":"1908","unstructured":"Steiger (1908) \u00dcber Beziehungen zwischen Myopic und Astigmatismus. Z Augenheilkd 20:97","journal-title":"Z Augenheilkd"},{"key":"CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-198912000-00007","volume":"8","author":"JM Teikari","year":"1989","unstructured":"Teikari JM, O'Donnell JJ (1989) Astigmatism in 72 twin pairs. Cornea 8:263?266","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3603011","volume":"237","author":"J Wallman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Wallman J, Gottlieb MD, Rajaram V, Fugate-Wentzek LA (1987) Local retinal regions control local eye growth and myopia. Science 237:73?77","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"CR31","first-page":"574","volume":"20","author":"E Weber","year":"1945","unstructured":"Weber E (1945) Die Vererbung der Refraktion anhand von \u00e4lteren und neueren Zwillingsuntersuchungen. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 20:574?577","journal-title":"Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd"},{"key":"CR32","first-page":"38","volume":"17","author":"R Weekers","year":"1957","unstructured":"Weekers R, Moureau P, Hacourt J, Andr\u00e9 A (1957) Contribution \u00e0 le gen\u00e8se des am\u00e9tropies par 1'etude des jumeaux uni et bivitellins. Arch Ophtalmol 17:38?43","journal-title":"Arch Ophtalmol"},{"key":"CR33","first-page":"217","volume":"21","author":"R Weekers","year":"1961","unstructured":"Weekers R, Watillon M, Thomas-Decortis G (1961) La myopie des pr\u00e9matur\u00e9s, facteur de dissemblance dans la r\u00e9fraction des jumeaux monozygotes. Arch Ophtalmol 21:217?226","journal-title":"Arch Ophtalmol"},{"key":"CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00165948","volume":"230","author":"AH Weiss","year":"1992","unstructured":"Weiss AH, Ross EA (1992) Axial myopia in eyes with optic nerve hypoplasia. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophhalmol 230:372?377","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophhalmol"},{"key":"CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/266066a0","volume":"266","author":"TN Wiesel","year":"1977","unstructured":"Wiesel TN and Raviola E (1977) Myopia and eye enlargement after neonatal lid fusion in monkeys. Nature 266:66?68","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00936522.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00936522\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00936522","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]],"date-time":"2019-04-29T18:40:25Z","timestamp":1556563225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF00936522"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,10]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,10]]}},"alternative-id":["BF00936522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00936522","relation":{},"ISSN":["0721-832X","1435-702X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0721-832X","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-702X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,10]]}}}