{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T04:02:57Z","timestamp":1790308977984,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1991,8,1]],"date-time":"1991-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":681004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Digest Dis Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf01297463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,25]],"date-time":"2005-03-25T06:30:02Z","timestamp":1111732202000},"page":"1147-1150","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Smoking, the oral contraceptive pill, and Crohn's disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"A. J.","family":"Wakefield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"Sawyerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Hudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. P.","family":"Dhillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. E.","family":"Pounder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.290.6484.1786-a","volume":"2190","author":"JR Thornton","year":"1985","unstructured":"Thornton JR, Emmett PM, Heaton KW: Smoking, sugar and inflammatory bowel disease. Br Med J 2190:1786?1787, 1985","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"CR2","first-page":"498","volume":"120","author":"B Calkins","year":"1984","unstructured":"Calkins B: Smoking factors in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in Baltimore. Am J Epidemiol 120:498?503, 1984","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.1984.12005815","volume":"19","author":"C Beoni","year":"1984","unstructured":"Beoni C, Nilsson A: Smoking habits in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 19:824?830, 1984","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.289.6450.954","volume":"289","author":"KW Somerville","year":"1984","unstructured":"Somerville KW, Loban RFA, Edmond M, Langman MJS: Smoking and Crohn's disease. Br Med J 289:954?956, 1984","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.288.6414.362","volume":"288","author":"G Holdstock","year":"1984","unstructured":"Holdstock G, Savage D, Harman M, Wright I: Should patients with inflammatory bowel disease smoke? Br Med J 288:362, 1984","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"CR6","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease","author":"AI Mendelhoff","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mendelhoff AI, Calkins BM: The epidemiology of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. In Inflammatory Bowel Disease. JB Kirsner, RG Shorter (eds) Philadelphia, Lea and Febiger, 1988, pp 3?34"},{"key":"CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.29.9.1202","volume":"29","author":"B Katschinski","year":"1988","unstructured":"Katschinski B, Logan RFA, Edmond M, Langman MJS: Smoking and sugar are separate but interactive risk factors in Crohn's disease. Gut 29:1202?1206, 1988","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.29.3.352","volume":"29","author":"E Lidberg","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lidberg E, Tysk C, Andersson K, Jarnerot G: Smoking and inflammatory bowel disease. A case control study. Gut 29:352?357, 1988","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.29.7.990","volume":"29","author":"C Tysk","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tysk C, Lindberg E, Jarnerot G, Floderus-Myrhed B: Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in an unselected population of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. A study of heritiability and the influence of smoking. Gut 29:990?996, 1988","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.292.6528.1101","volume":"292","author":"M Vessey","year":"1986","unstructured":"Vessey M, Jewell D, Smith A, Yeates D, MacPherson K: Chronic inflammatory bowel disease, cigarette smoking, and use of oral contraceptives: findings in a large cohort study of women of childbearing age. Br Med J 292:1101?1103, 1986","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01071891","volume":"22","author":"S Bonfils","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bonfils S, Hervoir P, Girodet J, Quintrec YL, Bader JP, Gastard J: Acute spontaneously recovering ulcerating colitis (ARUC). Am J Dig Dis 22:429?436, 1977","journal-title":"Am J Dig Dis"},{"key":"CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01072137","volume":"21","author":"ME Berrnadino","year":"1976","unstructured":"Berrnadino ME, Lawson TL: Discrete colonic ulcers associated with oral contraceptives. Am J Dig Dis 21:503?506, 1976","journal-title":"Am J Dig Dis"},{"key":"CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(81)90145-1","volume":"80","author":"M Camilleri","year":"1981","unstructured":"Camilleri M, Schafler K, Chadwick VS, Hodgson HJ, Weinbren K: Periporatal sinsusoidal dilatation, inflammatory bowel disease, and the contraceptive pill. Gastroenterology 80:810?815, 1981","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.288.6417.595","volume":"288","author":"JM Rhodes","year":"1984","unstructured":"Rhodes JM, Cockel R, Allan RN, Hawker PC: Colonic Crohn's disease and use of oral contraceptives. Br Med J 288:595?596, 1984","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"CR15","first-page":"466","volume":"120","author":"S Lesko","year":"1984","unstructured":"Lesko S: Oral contraceptive use and Crohn's disease. Am J Epidemiol 120:466?471, 1984","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(82)73102-5","volume":"28","author":"FJ Tedesco","year":"1982","unstructured":"Tedesco FJ, Volpicelli NA, More FS: Oestrogen and progesterone-associated colitis: A disorder with clinical and endoscopic features mimicking Crohn's colitis. Gastrointest Endosc 28:247?251, 1982","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91078-7","volume":"1","author":"AJ Wakefield","year":"1989","unstructured":"Wakefield AJ, Sawyerr AM, Dhillon AP, Pittilo RM, Rowles PM, Lewis AAM, Pounder RE: Pathogenesis of Crohn's disease: Multifocal gastrointestinal, infarction. Lancet 1:1057?1062, 1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90125-9","volume":"92","author":"RL Edwards","year":"1987","unstructured":"Edwards RL, Levine JB, Green R, Duffy M, Matthews E, Brande W, Rickles FR: Activation of blood coagulation in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 92:329?337, 1987","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"CR19","first-page":"498","volume":"96","author":"Y Suzuki","year":"1989","unstructured":"Suzuki Y, Tobin A, Quinn D, Whelan, D, O'Morain C: Interleukin-1 in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 96:A498, 1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"CR20","first-page":"594","volume":"67","author":"J Satsangi","year":"1987","unstructured":"Satsangi J, Walstencroft JC, Cason J, Ainley CC, Dumonde DC, Thompson RPH: Interleukin-1 in Crohn's disease. Clin Exp Immunol 67:594?605, 1987","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.160.2.618","volume":"160","author":"MP Bevilaqua","year":"1984","unstructured":"Bevilaqua MP, Pober JS, Majeau GR, Cotran R, Gimbrone MA: Interleukin-1 (IL-1) induces bisynthesis and cell surface expression of procoagulant activity in human vascular endothelial cells. J Exp Med 160:618?623, 1984","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"CR22","first-page":"426","volume":"133","author":"JS Pober","year":"1988","unstructured":"Pober JS: Cytokine mediated activation of the vascular endothelium. Am J Pathol 133:426?433, 1988","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.10.3460","volume":"83","author":"PP Narworth","year":"1986","unstructured":"Narworth PP, Handley CT, Esmon C, Stern D: Interleukin-1 induces endothelial procoagulant activity while suppressing cell surface anticoagulant activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:3460?3464, 1986","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1647042","volume":"60","author":"PAF Bruin","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bruin PAF, Crama-Bohbouth G, Verspaget HW, Verheigen JH, Dooijewaard G, Weterman IT, Lamers C: Plasminogen activators in the intestine of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Thromb Haemost 60:262?266, 1988","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112613","volume":"78","author":"MP Bevilaqua","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bevilaqua MP, Schleef RR, Gimbrone MA, Loskutoff DJ: Regulation of the fibronolytic system of cultured human vascular endothelium by Interleukin-1. J Clin Invest 78:587?591, 1986","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.163.6.1595","volume":"163","author":"RL Nachman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Nachman RL, Hajjar KA, Silverstein RL, Dinarello CA: Interleukin-1 induces endothelial cell synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor. J Exp Med 163:1595?1600, 1986","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.163.5.1260","volume":"163","author":"JJ Emeis","year":"1986","unstructured":"Emeis JJ, Kooistra T: Interleukin-1 and lipopolysaccaride induce an inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activatorin vivo and in cultured endothelial cells. J Exp Med 163:1260?1266, 1986","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112532","volume":"77","author":"F Bussolino","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bussolino F, Brevario F, Tetta C, Aglietta M, Mantovani A, Dejana E: Interleukin-1 stimulates platelet-activating factor production in cultured human endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 77:2027?2033, 1986","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(88)90346-0","volume":"95","author":"R Eliakim","year":"1988","unstructured":"Eliakim R, Karmeli F, Razin E, Rachmilewitz D: Role of platelet-activating factor in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 95:1167?1172, 1988","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.136.1.186","volume":"136","author":"PJ Knusden","year":"1986","unstructured":"Knusden PJ, Dinarello Ca, Strom TB: Prostaglandins posttranscriptionally inhibit monocyte expression of Interleukin-1 activity by increasing intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate. J Immunol 136:186?192, 1986","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.136.1.186","volume":"136","author":"SC Kunkle","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kunkle SC, Cheunsue SW, Phan SH: Prostaglandins as endogenous mediators of Interleukin-1 production. J Immunol 136:186?192, 1986","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(89)90270-3","volume":"10","author":"A Mantovani","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mantovani A, Dejana E: Cytokines as communication signals between leucocytes and endothelial cells. Immunol Today 10:370?375, 1989","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1988.tb01266.x","volume":"18","author":"TH Simmet","year":"1988","unstructured":"Simmet TH, Peskar BA: Prostaglandin E and arterial occlusive disease: Pharmacological considerations. Eur J Clin Invest 18:549?554, 1988","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113147","volume":"80","author":"M Abecassis","year":"1987","unstructured":"Abecassis M, Falk R, Makowka, L, Dindzans V, Falk RE, Levy GA: 16-16-dimethyl prostaglandin E1 prevents the development of fulminant hepatitis and blocks the induction of monocyte\/macrophage procoagulant activity after murine hepatitis virus strain 3 infection. J Clin Invest 80:881?889, 1987","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114268","volume":"84","author":"S Sinclair","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sinclair S, Creig PD, Blendis LM, Abecassis M, Roberts EA, Phillips MJ, Cameron R, Levy GA: Biochemical and clinical response of fulminant viral hepatitis to administration of prostaglandin E1. J Clin Invest 84:1368?1374, 1989","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.56.7.1061","volume":"56","author":"EA Murphy","year":"1966","unstructured":"Murphy EA, Mustard JF: Tobacco and thrombosis. Am J Public Health 56:1061?1073, 1966","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.58.2.107","volume":"58","author":"DM Spain","year":"1970","unstructured":"Spain DM, Bradess VA: Sudden death from coronary heart disease: Survival time, frequency of thrombi and cigarette smoking. Chest 58:107?110, 1970","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1657250","volume":"48","author":"RM Pittilo","year":"1982","unstructured":"Pittilo RM, Mackin IJ, Rowles PM, Machin SJ, Woolf N: Effects of cigarette smoking on the ultrastructure of the thoracic aorta and its ability to produce prostacyclin. Thromb Haemost 48:173?176, 1982","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1657876","volume":"54","author":"HA Bull","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bull HA, Pittilo M, Blow DJ, Blow CM, Rowles PM, Woolf N, Machin SJ: The effects of nicotine on PGI2 production by rat aortic endothelium. Thromb Haemost 54:472?474, 1985","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"CR40","first-page":"413","volume":"69","author":"HA Bull","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bull HA, Pittilo RM, Woolf N, Machin SJ: The effect of nicotine on human endothelial cell release of prostaglandins and ultrastructure. Br J Exp Pathol 69:413?421, 1988","journal-title":"Br J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198109103051104","volume":"305","author":"BV Stadel","year":"1981","unstructured":"Stadel BV: Oral contraceptives and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 305:612?618, 672?677, 1981","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"CR42","first-page":"6","volume":"52","author":"JJF Belch","year":"1984","unstructured":"Belch JJF, McArdle BM, Burns P, Lowe GDO, Forbes CD: The effect of acute smoking on platelet behavior, fibrinolysis and haemoreheology in habitual smokers. Thromb Haemost 52:6?8, 1984","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-198507000-00003","volume":"40","author":"FK Beller","year":"1988","unstructured":"Beller FK, Ehert C: Effects of oral contraceptives on blood coagulation. A review. Obstet Gynaecol Surv 40:425?436, 1988","journal-title":"Obstet Gynaecol Surv"},{"key":"CR44","first-page":"948","volume":"i","author":"TW Meade","year":"1970","unstructured":"Meade TW, Haines AP, North WRS: Haemostatic, lipid and blood pressure profiles of women on oral contraceptives containing 50 ?g or 30 ?g oestrogen. Lancet i:948?950, 1970","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071485","volume":"34","author":"L Poller","year":"1978","unstructured":"Poller L: Oral contraceptives, blood clotting and thrombosis. Br Med Bull 34:151?156, 1978","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/69.5.500","volume":"69","author":"C Peterson","year":"1978","unstructured":"Peterson C, Kelly R, Minard B, Cawley LP: Antithrombin III: Comparison of functional and immunologic assays. Am J Clin Pathol 69:500?504, 1978","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-198712000-00004","volume":"9","author":"KP Koerigs","year":"1987","unstructured":"Koerigs KP, McPhedran P, Spiro HM: Thrombosis in inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 9:627?631, 1987","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"CR48","first-page":"762","volume":"96","author":"EM Gordon","year":"1980","unstructured":"Gordon EM, Ratnoff OD, Saiato H, Donaldson VH, Pensky J, Jones P: Rapid fibrinolysis, augmented Hageman factor (factor XII), and decreased C1 esterase inhibitor titres in women taking oral contraceptives. J Lab Clin Med 96:762?769, 1980","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3109\/00016347109157324","volume":"50","author":"B Astedt","year":"1971","unstructured":"Astedt B: Low fibrinolytic activity of veins during treatment with ethinyl oestradiol. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Scand 50:279?283, 1971","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynaecol Scand"},{"key":"CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.159.6.1653","volume":"159","author":"JD Vassalli","year":"1984","unstructured":"Vassalli JD, Dayer JM, Wohlend A, Belin D: Concomitant secretion of prourokinase and of a plasminogen activatorspecific inhibitor by cultured human monocytes-macrophages. J Exp Med 159:1653?1658, 1984","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)90388-0","volume":"97","author":"BA Lashner","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lashner BA, Kane SV, Hanauer SB: Lack of association between oral contraceptive use and Crohn's disease: A community-based matched case-control study. Gastroenterology 97:1442?1447, 1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Digestive Diseases and Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF01297463.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01297463\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF01297463","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T18:41:19Z","timestamp":1683052879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF01297463"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991,8]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,8]]}},"alternative-id":["BF01297463"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf01297463","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-2116","1573-2568"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-2116","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2568","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1991,8]]}}}