{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:28:51Z","timestamp":1760131731488},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1979,7,1]],"date-time":"1979-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":299635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World j. surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1979,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>It has long been considered that the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems were exclusively responsible for the nervous control of the gut. However, a large proportion of the autonomic nerve fibers are now considered to be peptidergic. A number of hormonal peptides have been described in both brain and peripheral tissues, and their wide range of pharmacologic actions suggest that they may act locally in a variety of ways, depending on their location. Improved immunocytochemical techniques for use\u2010in both light and electron microscopy are largely responsible for the recent progress in identifying these peptides. Substance P has been found extensively throughout the human body. VIP is present in considerable concentrations throughout the gastrointestinal tract and may play an important role as a vasodilatory substance. The distribution of somatostatin is extensive, and large quantities have been found in several parts of the brain, as well as in the pancreas and gut. Somatostatin is a powerful inhibitory substance, and may be one of the important factors contributing to the multifactorial etiology of duodenal ulceration. Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been localized primarily in the I cells of the jejunum. It has a powerful motor effect on the stomach and intestine, as well as having an important role in gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion. Bombesin has been found in the gut, lung, and brain, and has been shown to act extensively throughout the body. Endogenous brain opiates, endorphins, are mainly distributed in the central nervous system and are probably involved in the control of pain and emotion. In addition, enkephalin is present in the nerve fibers of the submucosa and the endocrine cells of the antral mucosa, where it may play a physiologic role similar to morphine. Finally, neurotensin was first isolated in the brain, but has been found in highest concentrations in the gut, particularly in the ileum. Its hypotensive actions suggest that it may play a significant role in the pathophysiology of dumping syndrome<\/jats:bold>.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>In fact, the possible pathologic implications of any malfunction in this delicately balanced system are substantial. The effects of local destruction of the autonomic nerves are drastic and already well documented. The role of neuropeptides in many serious bowel disorders is yet to be determined<\/jats:bold>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01556096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,21]],"date-time":"2005-04-21T05:42:35Z","timestamp":1114062155000},"page":"393-405","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Neuropeptides of the gut: A newly discovered major control system"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"J. M.","family":"Polak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Royal Postgraduate Medical School and Hammersmith Hospital London England"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. R.","family":"Bloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Royal Postgraduate Medical School and Hammersmith Hospital London England"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1979,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1931.sp002763"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Dogiel S.A.:\u00dcber den Bau der Ganglien in den Geflechten des Darmes und der Gallenblase des Menschen und der Sa\u00fcgetiere. Arch. Anat. Phys. Anat. Abth:130 1899."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00335780"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"509","article-title":"Purinergic nerves","volume":"24","author":"Burnstock G.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"6","volume-title":"\u00dcber diffuse endokrine epitheliale Organe","author":"Feyrter F.","year":"1938"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/262092a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01004561"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0770025"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.102.1.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"142","volume-title":"The Unlabelled Antibody Enzyme Method","author":"Sternberger L.","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.16.3.225"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Grossman M.I.:Neural and hormonal regulation of gastrointestinal function: an overview. Ann. Rev. Phys. (inpress)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"40","volume-title":"Gut Hormones","author":"Solcia E.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"465","volume-title":"Gut Hormones","author":"Said S.I.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179.4068.77"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)92198-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(78)93782-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)92113-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197704282961703"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)90297-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1351\/pac197335040463"},{"issue":"49","key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"148","article-title":"Bombesin\u2010like immunoreactivity in the gastrointestinal tract, lung and central nervous system","volume":"13","author":"Polak J.M.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Timson C.M. Polak J.M. Wharton J. Ghatei M.A. Bloom S.R. Usellini L. Capella C. Solcia E. Brown M.R. Pearse A.G.E.:Bombesin\u2010like immunoreactivity in the avian gut and its localisation to a distinct cell type. Histochemistry (in press)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/273769a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.212832"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)32938-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/270183a0"},{"issue":"49","key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","first-page":"144","article-title":"The morphology of VIPergic nerves in Crohn's disease","volume":"13","author":"Polak J.M.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."}],"container-title":["World Journal of Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF01556096.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01556096\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF01556096","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T12:13:36Z","timestamp":1704975216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1007\/BF01556096"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1979,7]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1979,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1007\/BF01556096"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf01556096","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-2313","1432-2323"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-2313","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2323","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1979,7]]}}}