{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T06:49:18Z","timestamp":1763016558170,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1993,9,1]],"date-time":"1993-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":746841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Knee surg. sports traumatol. arthrosc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>The joint capsules and the glenohumeral ligaments of 12 human shoulder specimens were histologically investigated by light microscopy. Serial sections of 15 \u03bcm thickness were cut. The tissue was stained following the haematoxylin\u2010eosin and van Giesson techniques. For specific identification of neural elements we made use of a special silver impregnation technique, described by Novotny, for staining axons in peripheral nerves. Axons of different diameters ranging from 0.2 \u03bcm to 70 \u03bcm were discovered within the ligaments. Close to the humeral site we, found small nerves forming neurovascular bundles. Within their connective tissue sheaths, the axons exhibited a serpentine configuration, which may give extra length and may allow stretching of the nerve during motion. most of the axons discovered were located in the subsynovial layer of the ligaments. In general the diameter of these subsynovial axons did not exceed 10 \u03bcm. In addition to these axonal structures, we detected nerve endings which can be classified according to Freeman and Wyke as type II mechanoreceptors (Pacinian corpuscles). These mechanoreceptors had a diameter of approximately 150 \u03bcm. They were also positioned directly beneath the synovial membrane and close to the humeral site of insertion of the ligaments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>The described neural structures in the glenohumeral ligaments are of particular clinical importance in the light of the high incidence of recurrent shoulder dislocation and concomitant Bankart lesions. The mechanoreceptors located in the glenohumeral ligaments may control the stabilising shoulder musculature. On this premise, rupture or detachment of these ligaments will lead to a loss of a feedback mechanism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01560197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,27]],"date-time":"2005-04-27T15:30:43Z","timestamp":1114615843000},"page":"152-158","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Function of the glenohumeral ligaments in active stabilisation of the shoulder joint"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Jerosch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Orthopaedic Department Westf\u00e4lische Wilhelms\u2010University M\u00fcnster M\u00fcnster Germany"},{"name":"<!--<label>2<\/label>--> Institute of Sports Medicine Westf\u00e4lische Wilhelms\u2010University M\u00fcnster M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Steinbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Orthopaedic Department Westf\u00e4lische Wilhelms\u2010University M\u00fcnster M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Clahsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>3<\/label>--> Institute of Biomechanics Heinrich\u2010Heine University, D\u00fcsseldorf D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Schmitz\u2010Nahrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>4<\/label>--> Institute of Anatomy Westf\u00e4lische Wilhelms\u2010University M\u00fcnster M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Grosse\u2010Hackmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>3<\/label>--> Institute of Biomechanics Heinrich\u2010Heine University, D\u00fcsseldorf D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1993,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659001800104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.3285.1132"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.18002610104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"1037","article-title":"Recurrent anterior subluxation of the shoulder in athletics","volume":"51","author":"Blazina E","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Am]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1954.sp005122"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198668050-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1969.sp008866"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658701500209"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199274010-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198305000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","first-page":"79","article-title":"Die Himmungsb\u00e4nder des Schultergelenks und ihre Bedeutung f\u00fcr die Schulterluxation","volume":"92","author":"Delorme D","year":"1910","journal-title":"Arch Klin Chir"},{"volume-title":"Surgery of the shoulder","year":"1983","author":"De Palma AF","key":"e_1_2_1_13_2"},{"volume-title":"Arthroscopic shoulder anatomy","year":"1986","author":"Detrisiac DA","key":"e_1_2_1_14_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","first-page":"329","article-title":"Body segment parameters. 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